The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte Essay Example

The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte Paper First, how did Napoleon rise up and embrace his conquering persona? Second, how did Napoleons greatest flaws lead him to crash and burn towards the end of his life, but what does a great leader truly consist of? The definition of a good leader can go on and on, but there were specific details that made Napoleon rise as a conqueror, and also things that led to his inevitable downfall. In his life, Napoleon proved that he was not a person to be made an enemy of. There are many qualities that Napoleon held that made him the leader we know from history books. Many people argue that Napoleons quality as a commander led him to both his success and his downfall. Early in Napoleon! Career, he gained trust and support from many people by showing that he was for the people. Bonaparte made a display of republican virtues; cautiously avoiding all ostentation, and in this respect, put himself on a footing of perfect quality with persons of ordinary standards in society. 1 Napoleon created a reputation for himself and gained support of the pope. Smart man like Bonaparte knew that he needed to have the support of the people. In his career, whether it was just a normal citizen, or a soldier, Napoleon had a way with his words to gain supporters. Bonaparte played HTH ole of what politicians do today, which is to say what the people want to hear. For example, Napoleon preached about equality and liberty constantly so the hopes of the people and soldiers are constantly renewed. 2 Some people even thought of him as a military genius. 3 He made smart and spontaneous decisions on a battlefield. In addition, Napoleon also was adept at organizing and rounding up his troops. We will write a custom essay sample on The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He built moral for his troops by constantly encouraging them, and gave the soldiers medals as a positive reinforcement for their work. He proposed that a medal should be given to IM, with a sum of money, and in his honor he established a prize of sixty thousand francs, to be awarded to anyone who should make a discovery. 4 This example shows that Bonaparte not only gave medals to his soldiers, but also gifts of francs. Besides the anticipation of rewards, his charisma made him a leader people could willingly follow. These are one of the successful traits Napoleon had that led him to become a leader that was admired. He was well respected, because he constantly rewarded people for hard work, and he constantly raised people up. This is what a good successful leader olds on to. One Napoleonic scholar calculated that Napoleon had only lost out of 34 battles between 1792 and 181 5, during which he became a very powerful man. Carl von Casualties even hailed Napoleon as, the God of War. 5 With a record of accomplishment that fearsome, it is easy to see why many people were afraid of Napoleon, other than the sheer size of his army. With that name, Napoleon became well known and feared among the nation in Europe. Whenever a battle would break out, Napoleon would focus not on conquering the land, but on how to destroy the opposing army. There are n. Recipe or definite rules, Napoleon also stated, the art of war is simple, everything is a matter of execution. 6 Napoleon always had a clear goal, he believed that good timing and improvisation was all that was necessary. In this nature, Napoleon was successful. He always led in smart tactical ways, but also made adjustments according to what was best. Some people even might say he was more lucky than clever, but many of Napoleons battles were won by planning, but more importantly smart improvising. Napoleon made decisions based off of what he thought was best, he excelled at peopling his resources, using a keen understanding of terrain to slowly take key areas. 8 This was until later in his life, when he lost some Of his sharpen* as he became increasingly obsessed with conquering Europe, and with many years of war under his belt, his body could only take on so much. While in power, Napoleon established himself as a skilled as legislator and diplomat, study of these achievements could rival those of his campaigns for size and depth, but it is seen that his talents were deeply flawed and even fervent supporters admit that Napoleon made mistakes. G During the 1 sass, Napoleon was established as the First Consul, he was a dictator with a constitution written protecting his power. Without an extraordinary capacity for work, no man could have done this. Napoleon would work until eleven oclock at night, and be up again at three in the morning. Frequently he slept but an hour, and came back as fresh as ever. No secretary could keep up to him, and his ministers sometimes went to sleep in the Council, worn out with the length of the session. Come, citizen ministers, he would cry, we must earn the money the French nation gives us. 10 As you can see, Napoleon used his power somewhat responsibly. He preached to his ministers that the would have to use the French nations tax money usefully, and not waste it. He slept for very little and showed that he was very ambitious. Napoleon was not the best legislative leader, but he did a good job. Bonaparte wanted to create a great and strong country for the French. Even though later on in his career many people said, he became very power hungry. After years of battle, in order to fill the gaps of the empire, Napoleon was forced to start recruiting less skilled men. With the recruitment of less skilled men, tactics became less sophisticated and more wasteful in terms of human lives. Napoleon still gained success, but at the lost of great casualties. 11 Later on IR Napoleons campaign, he started sacrificing quality for numbers; this was a slow start to his slow downfall. In 181 2, he decided to start attacking Russia, with a vast army numbering in the six hundred thousand. An army like that is very hard to control and hard to feed. Napoleon was aiming to take the Russian army head on, because he would dominate the battle that way, but the Russians just kept retreating. They would slash and burn everything while they retreated, so the French would be traveling in the cold and at the same mime be without food. 1 2 Napoleon saw this, yet he didnt turn around and postpone the invasion, instead he kept going. His pride would not let him turn around, even though his men were losing moral and starving. The invasion of Russia, greatly hindered Napoleons power at the time. The success of many great leaders sometimes comes from a very humble beginning, but in the midst of all these years of battle, Bonaparte became very obsessed with gaining more and more power, that he forgot what he started with and lost power slowly. Heavy campaign after heavy campaign took a toll on his troops and himself as a person. If you see portraits of Napoleon, his health is clearly deteriorating. The emperors refusal to acknowledge anything except French self-interest eventually drove the other powers to reorganize and to coalesce for long enough to ensure his defeat. His inability to compromise forced them to conclude that there was no prospect of a lasting settlement and that therefore renewed war was the only course of action. 1 3 The quote clearly states that, Napoleon was a great leader to the French, but beca me self centered, because he started to try to conquer everything near him. Instead of making friends, he made enemies all around him. His hunger for power caused countries to form together and fight against him. This is one of the great flaws Napoleon had towards the end of his career. Bonaparte never compromised; he always strives to get what he wants. Towards the end of his long career, Napoleon had many countries against him. The dominance of Napoleon and the war of 1813 and 1814 united all the European nations, summoned by their monarchs and fired by the call of freedom and citizenship. 14 The quote stated that, because of Napoleons great power all these countries gathered together just to defeat Napoleon. Napoleon did eave allies for a certain time, but these allies were more allies made, because they feared the power of Napoleon. The allies lay on the right bank of the Rhine. The battle of Aviators had given the Spanish boundary to Wellington, and the English and Spanish armies were on the frontier. The allies that remained with the French were not to be trusted. All Europe was marching with us a year ago, Napoleon said; to-day all Europe is marching against us. 1 5 This quote states that during this battle to Wellington, the general talked about how their allies from a year ago, had become enemies. This was al from Napoleons selfishness to seek the best for the French. His single- minded patriotism led him to fall into a pattern he normally strays from. Napoleon was the first man to help perpetuate a European wide warfare that lasted for 20 years. 1 6 Just think about how Napoleon started out as normal general and eventually became one of the most feared persons in all of Europe. After seeing many success Napoleon had as a military and political leader. Napoleons great success was inevitably shattered by the later times in his conquests. He had serious flaws, we learned that Napoleon was very good t fighting decisive battles. It was proven in Russia that Napoleon seems to have lost his cool by chasing Russia with no steady food supply. The more serious flaw in Napoleons intellectual makeup was his impatience, his low boredom threshold, his sacrifice of reason in favor of imagination and his desire to make policy on the wing, to improvise and to sacrifice simple solutions for more complicated. 17 It can be seen throughout his lifetime that Napoleon was impatient and always wanted to jump into battle and improvise through everything. It is seen early in his career, that people were often thrown off guard and Napoleon was proven successful. It was until later in Napoleons career that these habits started to stab him in the back. His impatience proved to be a fatal flaw in his career, this led to the fall of his army when he split into two fronts. Even with early success in his strategies, as great leaders must learn, people must change with the times and cure needs Of the world. As we can see, Napoleon Bonaparte was a great milt leader. He had an almost never-ending list of success. Bonaparte proved he had many traits of a great leader. He was devoted, loyal to the nation, was easy to follow. Napoleon had charisma of a great leader. Many soldier followed him to their death, because of what he spoke and preached ABA Napoleon was truly a great leader, but in the end, he did fall. He made mistakes that many great generals make. Bonaparte underestimated his enemies when he split his army in two fronts. After splitting into two frown Napoleon struggled. Even when conquered and exiled, Napoleon still can back and tried to fight in Waterloo, 18 where he lost tragically. Overall Napoleon proved he was a strong and great leader, but in the end his owl pride, impatience and greed led to his inevitable downfall. Notes . Array Edward Marmoreal.

Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Example

Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Example Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay David Ho English 100w Nestle vs. PepsiCo Individual research proposal David Ho has selected Nestle as the company to compare to PepsiCo. Nestle is the largest food company in the world measured by revenue. Nestle products includes baby food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee, dairy products, candy, ice cream, pet foods, and snacks. Nestle’s most popular brands include food products from various categories such as Cerlac, Pure life water, Cookie Crisp cereal, Kit Kat, Crunch, Toll house, Power Bar, Dreyer’s Ice cream, Nesquik, Milo, Juicy Juice, Nestea, Lean Cuisine, and Jenny Craig. I will compare the following categories of Nestle to PepsiCo. * Marketing * Finance and Accounting * Human Resource and Management * Operations Marketing Like PepsiCo, Nestle is a global snack and beverage company, and it uses various global marketing strategies to sell its food (Kit Kat, Crunch, Toll house cookies, Power bar, Dereyer’s Ice cream) , and drink (Nesquik, Milo, Juicy Juice, Nestea) products. Here I will compare the amount of money Nestle and PepsiCo spends annually on advertising and how each company uses demographics to target and attract their consumer interest. Nestle and PepsiCo both have strong innovations to enhance lives, although Nestle has been doing it longer, they both are very successful in this innovation. Marketing strategy plays one of the most important roles in any business as it is the main factor in successfully advertising and selling of any products and services. Marketing catches the eyes of consumers into wanting to buy the company’s products. It is important to bring about this factor as one of the most important keys in a successful company. Finance and accounting In addition to marketing a firm’s products, the finance area of business is crucial to starting and maintaining a company. To open or start a business, many sources of finance are needed, such as grants or loans, to buy essential equipment required for the success of the company such as buildings, vehicles, and other tools. I will tell in detail the financial needs of Nestle and PepsiCo. I plan to focus on how the company got started, including the founders, how long it took them to succeed, and how they got to where they are today. I also plan to describe Nestle and PepsiCo’s initial and subsequent Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, including how they managed their IPO. I will also classify the firm’s acquisitions, their partnerships, and their investors. Finally, I will describe PepsiCo’s future financial plans in comparison with Nestle including profit projections and strategic expansion goals. Finance is the backbone of the company; it covers all of the critical money-related issues that keep the company strong and expanding. Human Resource and Management After identifying what Nestle and PepsiCo does and how they manage their finances, I will explain who the people responsible for the company’s success are. Here, I will compare the two companies’ mission statement, organization and governance structures, loyal employees, and each company’s positive company culture. These aspects heavily influence the overall success of any company in the world marketplace. Operations Finally, I will compare the structure of Pepsico’s and Nestle’s global operations and their expansions around the world. I will also compare how each operation has grown and changed over time, including the production of goods at each working plant. I will explain how products from each company distribute their products among their consumers and describe each company’s trademarks and patents. Finally, I will compare Nestle’s and PepsiCo’s operational goals and accomplishments. Operations are also one of the most important branches of a firm for they help with providing products to market and bringing in income.

James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism

James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish physicist best known for combining the fields of electricity and magnetism to create a theory of the electromagnetic field. Early Life and Studies James Clerk Maxwell was born- into a family of strong financial means- in Edinburgh on June 13, 1831. However, he spent most of his childhood at Glenlair, a family estate designed by Walter Newall for Maxwell’s father. The young Maxwell’s studies took him first to the Edinburgh Academy (where, at the astounding age of 14, he published his first academic paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) and later to the University of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. As a professor, Maxwell began by filling in the vacant Chair of Natural Philosophy at Aberdeen’s Marischal College in 1856. He would continue in this post until 1860​ when Aberdeen combined its two colleges into one university (leaving room for only one Natural Philosophy professorship, which went to David Thomson). This forced removal proved rewarding: Maxwell quickly earned the title of Professor of Physics and Astronomy at King’s College, London, an appointment that would form the foundation of some of the most influential theory of his lifetime. Electromagnetism His paper On Physical Lines of Force- written over the course of two years (1861-1862) and ultimately published in several parts- introduced his pivotal theory of electromagnetism. Among the tenets of his theory were (1) that electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, and (2) that light exists in the same medium as electric and magnetic phenomena. In 1865, Maxwell resigned from King’s College and proceeded to continue writing: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field during the year of his resignation; On reciprocal figures, frames and diagrams of forces in 1870; Theory of Heat in 1871; and Matter and Motion in 1876. In 1871, Maxwell became the Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge, a position that put him in charge of the work conducted in the Cavendish Laboratory. The 1873 publication of A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, meanwhile, produced the fullest explanation yet of Maxwell’s four partial different equations, which would go on to be a major influence on Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. On November 5, 1879, after a period of sustained illness, Maxwell died- at the age of 48- from abdominal cancer. Considered one of the greatest scientific minds the world has ever seen- on the order of Einstein and Isaac Newton- Maxwell and his contributions extend beyond the realm of electromagnetic theory to include: an acclaimed study of the dynamics of Saturn’s rings; the somewhat accidental, although still important, capturing of the first color photograph; and his kinetic theory of gases, which led to a law relating to the distribution of molecular velocities. Still, the most crucial findings of his electromagnetic theory- that light is an electromagnetic wave, that electric and magnetic fields travel in the form of waves at the speed of light, that ​radio waves can travel through space- constitute his most important legacy. Nothing sums up the monumental achievement of Maxwell’s life work as well as these words from Einstein himself: â€Å"This change in the conception of reality is the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton.†

Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Bullying - Essay Example Others group behaviors into several patterns, branding a number of those behaviors as bullying, illustrating that there are several ways to adequately deal with specified patterns of behavior. Like childhood bullying, workplace bullying entails the tendency of groups or individuals to employ persistent unreasonable or aggressive behavior against a subordinate or co-worker. Workplace bullying may include tactics such as humiliation and, verbal, physical, psychological and nonverbal abuse. This form of aggression is specifically challenging because, unlike the usual types of school bullying, bullies in the workplace frequently function within the developed policies and rules of the society and organization. In addition, bullying in the workplace is in most instances reported as having been carried out by management and takes a broad range of forms. Bullying may be overt or covert, may be known by the majority or may be missed by supervisors in the organization. Negative consequences of bullying are not restrained to the individuals who are targeted, and may cause decrease in an organization’s culture and worker morale (Randall, 2001). ... In addition, it is imperative to comprehend that bullying is typically perceived to be a pattern of behavior where a single or more actions will assist highlight that bullying is present. Bullying may include, and not limited to the following: Interfering with an individual’s work equipment or personal items; spreading malicious gossip or rumors; blocking applications for leave, training, or promotion; isolating or excluding an individual socially; criticizing an individual constantly or persistently; intimidating an individual; undeserved or unwarranted punishment; intentionally impeding or undermining an individual’s work; threatening abuse or physically abusing; belittling an individual’s views; eliminating areas of work without explanation; using profanity or yelling; persistently modifying work guidelines; developing a feeling of worthlessness; creating unattainable deadlines that will make the worker to fail; intentionally providing incorrect information or concealing significant details; assigning unbearable workload or duties so as to create needless pressure; making offensive statements or jokes; and invading an individual’s privacy by stalking, spying, or pestering (Rayner, Hoel & Cooper, 2001). Nonetheless, sometimes it is difficult to determine if bullying is taking place at the workplace. A number of researches assert that there exists a thin boundary between bullying and stout management. For instance, comments that are purposefully and are meant to offer positive feedback are frequently not perceived as bullying, but instead, are meant to help workers with their duties. Bullying has a number of negative consequences to the employees. Numerous workers value their jobs and do

Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Education - Assignment Example Additionally, Rose indicates that her mother is intelligent an aspect that is indicated by how she sequences and groups her task. Additionally, the mother was in a position to handle problems that occur among the workers or during the working process (Mackintosh 25). Another issue that depicts the level of intelligence possessed by mother is that she was able to analyze the mood of the workers, customers as well as those of the managers. In this way, she was able to create positive working relationship with all stakeholders. Joe Meraglio is also intelligent. Despite having left the school in the ninth grade, Mike Rose indicates that Joe is able to handle new problems regardless of their nature. In addition, Joe is able to come up with new products that make the working process in the plant to be smooth. For example, through redesigning of the nozzle, Joe was able to eliminate the high costs be incurred by the plant while at the same time ending the unhealthy spray. Another theme that is covered by Mike Rose is education. As indicated by the author, college education changed his life. Through his 40 years in the teaching career, Mike indicates that his experience is not all that unusual. Despite that Mike’s mother was not extensively educated, Mike indicates that he was able to get adequate education even though his academic record was dreary at the initial stages. As indicated by the book, formal education results to intelligence that makes individuals to handle various problems. One of the key benefits of education is that it results to economic development. For example, individuals who are educated are in a position to know how the machines they are working with operates. As noted by the Mike Rose. Joe is a good instructor but he is not aware of how the machines in his plant operate even though he is able to effectively work with them (Blue Collar Brilliance 3). The author indicates that for those people who are

The Truth About Lying General Statements English Literature Essay

The Truth About Lying General Statements English Literature Essay Is it not amazing that lying has become so common in the world that people forget the difference between the reality and falsehood? Everyone associates with lies so often that one underestimates its effects. Arthur Miller does a great job showing the bad impact lies tend to have on individuals in his play Death of a Salesman. Claims: 1. Every day lies cause harm to ones trust in a relationship. 2. Moreover, lies cause one to become emotionally unstable. 3. Along with emotional effects, lies cause ones social life to flow down the drain. Thesis: Lies are obstacles that harm ones internal states of life which makes one unable to communicate with everyone. Topic Sentence: Although lies are used to avoid hurting ones relationship, they destroy the trust between people. Example 1: Take Willy from Mr. Millers play, Death of a Salesman as an example, his son, Biff tells him, You -You gave her Mamas stockings! Dont touch me, you -liar! You fake! You phony little fake! You fake! (Miller, 121) Biff has basically stopped believing in his father and does not want hear anything from him. Explanation 1: Therefore, lies damage the trust in a relationship, which leads to unsuccessful relationships between the liar and their family. As a result, unnecessary conflicts are created between people, which affect the atmosphere of the play. Concluding Sentence: As people begin to lie, the lies create a boundary between loved ones, which causes one not to trust the liar anymore. Topic Sentence: Moreover, lies not only destroy trust in a relationship, but they also torture one emotionally. Example 1: In the play Death of a Salesman, Willy is always lying to his family about his success in his job, but in the end he cannot control himself and he bursts out telling the truth. He begins by telling Linda, Oh, Ill knock em dead next week. Ill go to Hartford. Im very well liked in Hartford. You know, the trouble is, Linda, people dont seem to take me. I know it when I walk in. They seem to laugh at me. (Miller, 36) He finishes with telling Linda how fat and foolish he looks. Explanation 1: Lies are always neglecting ones true abilities which tears one down to a point where one cannot control his or her emotions when the truth seems to confront them often. Initially lies stand in front of one to protect them from feeling ashamed of the truth and in the end that favour harms one so deeply that they want to die. Example 2: In Death of a Salesman, Willy explodes at Linda by saying, Theres nothing the matter with him (Biff). Hes got spirit, personality Loaded with it. Loaded!What is he stealing? Hes giving it back, isnt he? What did I tell him? I never in my life told him anything but decent things. (Miller, 40-41) Explanation 2: Once one begins to hide the truth from him or herself, he or she begins to think that, that lie has become their reality and starts to become aggressive. As a result, lies cause one to become emotionally weak; therefore one cannot control his or her emotions. As shown in this situation Willy becomes angry and makes Linda cry and does not realize that he is harming Biffs life by teaching him not so decent things. Concluding Sentence: Lies emotionally stress out each and every individual to a certain extent that can harm ones life because for every moment one stands by these lies the liar becomes weaker and weaker to defend themselves against someone. Topic Sentence: Furthermore, lies cause one to lack communication skills and lose their connections with people around them. Example 1: Mr. Miller clearly shows this in his play, mentioned before, when Willy asks Howard for a new placement at his job using lies. Willy demandingly states, I averaged a hundred and seventy dollars a week in the year of 1928! (Miller, 82) Howard replies impatiently, Youll have to excuse me, Willy, I gotta see some people. (Miller, 82) Explanation 1: Lies make one become a person that will not take no for an answer. While enforcing their lies upon everyone they meet, individuals lack the ability to communicate with one another professionally because they sound rude and obnoxious. This causes people to think twice before they talk to this person. Example 2: This is also demonstrated in the play Death of a Salesman when Biff says, How the hell did I ever get the idea I was a salesman there? I even believed myself that Id been a salesman for him! And then he gave me one look and -I realized what a ridiculous lies my whole life has been! (Miller, 104) Explanation 2: Lying contributes to the failure to communicate with someone because one cannot justify why one needs something because one realizes his or her life is a lie and feels ashamed of expecting a lot more out of their lies. Concluding Sentence: As said before, lying only means harm to each individual; it causes one to lose all their contacts from the past and future. Restated Thesis: Lies are harmful words that destroy one from within their body to outside their body. Claims: 1. The trust between individuals or groups is broken. 2. Lies cause one to become sensitive and sometimes forceful. 3. Lying also causes communication with one another to decrease. General Statement: One must understand lies are not reality, but are rather what lead one to their doom. *Ms. Weisman I did not know if for the thesis we were suppose to include the title of the play so I just included it in general statements because I was taught not to from previous English classes* Work Cited Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.

Elizabeth Costello in J.M Coetzee’s in relation to the theme of Kafka’s works Essay

Elizabeth Costello is a humane, ethical and uncompromising creation of Coetzee. In Coetzee’s book The Lives of Animals, Costello is used to describe her dislike and rejection of the rationality of the criteria justifying the unequal treatment of animals. Costello claims that the purpose of the book is to clarify that to differentiate beings with regard of their species is a form of discrimination, indefensible and immoral. Costello also maintains that she had chosen the path not because she was not aware of the crucial kind of thoughts and sentiments of respect regarding other creatures, but because the reason was more universal and compelling to appeal. Costello maintains though she admired those who eliminated speciesism form their lives due to their compassionate regard for other creatures she did not believe a pressure to empathy and good-heartedness only would prove to majority of the people into the wrongness of speciesism. Nevertheless, the messages Costello portrays are not from the invisible world although from the invisible of this world most cases the voiceless like animals that she can access by imagination. She is not worried with other earthly, disembodied voices, although this-worldly, embodied and embedded voices, dead or alive perpetrators fictional or historical. The human critics such as Costello are opposed to the authority of the world of other world as he is to the powers of this world. Costello proclaims that there is not any salvation to be brought into being in an afterlife in immortality. Costello is midwife not to immortal Forms, although a mortal voices and to being of the voices. The power of imagination stays not only in its potential to stir up and listen to other voices and to enter into speaking for other including for the voiceless but also use narrative to depiction literature in the particular work of narrative that rationally is divine spark that raises mankind above the rest of nature therefore in showing our continuity with animal-kind which allows us to regain our death, our humanity and imperfectness. The similarities between Costello and Socrates are outstanding, and are more striking than their differences. Similar to Socrates, Costello attempts to prompt persons to realize their humanity, to open their hearts, to the anguish of animals. Costello just like Socrates is faced by unfairness, which in her case is the discrimination of specialism, which she attempts to dispel with counter-illusions. â€Å"What does one choose the side of justice when it is not in one’s material interest to? The magistrates give the rather Platonic answer: because we are born with the idea of justice. † (Paola, et al. , 95). In The Lives of Animals the disregarded has come to take account of non-human animals. Costello is convinced that there is a crime regarding animals as stupid that is perpetrated towards animals. Costello challenge is to attempt to extend justice to animals especially to those that resemble humans. In Socrates, Plato’s mouthpiece in the Republic, spends the whole discussion arguing for justice suggesting that it is better to live rightly and show to be unjust than being unjust with all material rewards that come by and yet show to be just, Costello ends her speech by saying that proof points in the opposite direction and that individuals can do anything and get away with it that there is no reprimand. In The Poets and the Animals Costello disapproves the ecological approach to animals suggested by Plato since Plato’s perception implies that only human beings can understand the position of living things in the entire picture of natural world and as a result solely have the right to manage animal populations not including human population. Therefore (Paola, et al. , 102), might have valid point which is that a person should not enforce principled vegetarianism on a society but its misdirected as a disapproval of the position of Costello since she had gone to the great lengths to disapprove reason as decisive criterion of moral worth and as an only means to live an ethical life. Costello maintains that it is not right to construe the animal rights movement like imposing vegetarianism upon free citizens. Instead it appears as protecting the interests and the rights of nonhuman animals, guarding animals form exploitation, though this might as well lead to outlawing the eating of meat. Nevertheless, is clear that just as Coetzee distrusts commitment to moral principles he is suspicious of certain notions of justice. Coetzee and Costello’s aim is to alter the heart of individuals through feeling, friction and compassionate imagination instead of enforcing a large-scale utopian changing of society as purportedly stated by reason. Costello is perceived as arrogantly superior and as heralding a foreign set of values that of fighting for animal rights in opposition to blindly anthropocentric culture, and both individuals made numerous enemies by courageously inquiring the prejudices of the people around them. The arrogance of Costello can be demonstrated by certain members his audience anger having their discrimination and lack of knowledge exposed. In addition, Costello seems to be earnestly attempting to break through the shadows of ignorance and prejudice with the light of her imaginative sympathy and is ready to admit that she dose not understand that she could be correct â€Å"Am I fantasizing it all? I must be mad! † (Derek, 69). Costello might be ironically aware that some of her images might be imaginative for example when she gives anthropomorphic feelings to ape, Sultan: â€Å"In his deepest being Sultan is not interested in the banana problem. Only the experimenter’s single-minded regimentation compels him on it. The question that truly occupies him, as it occupies a rat and the cat and other animal trapped in hell f the laboratory or the zoo, is: where is home, and how do I get there? † (Stephen, 69). Costello was attempting to get her audience to think, feel and imagine that in new ways about something persons do not care to regard at all, specifically their use and abuse of animals: certainly she desires people to imagine how it would experience in the place of an exploited animal a state of powerlessness. Costello believes the mission will awaken individuals form their assertive sleep. Costello does not attempt to reject the reason for the infallibility and its assertion to make a distinction between animals and human beings and therefore doe not give good reason for the exploitation of animals. In The Lives of Animals, Coetzee portrays Costello as a Socrates figure. The analysis starts with â€Å"What is Realism? † since it was first in 1997, prior to its publishing in Elizabeth Costello in 2003. The Socratic and Platonic ideologies are clearly evident in this story strengthens the contention that Costello plays a role as Socratic figure in The Lives of Animals. Certainly, Coetzee refers to this story in his fist foot note of The Lives of Animals therefore further sustaining this perspective. In â€Å"What is Realism? † Platonic ideas are crucial to the story. Even though Coetzee keeps interrupting his realist mode and drawing attention to the fact that it is an undertaking therefore suggesting that realism and certainly all fiction deals with imaginations and there are times the power of fiction to attain immortality is asserted though always ironical. The depiction to the monkeys echoes Costello’s discussion of Kafka’s ape, suggesting that artistic creation is what differentiates humans from other animals. The story of Socrates might also illuminate other features of Elizabeth Costello, as described in The Lives of Animals, namely her reference to her embodiedness and her mortality. A similar relationship takes place between Costello and Coetzee, and in spite of his undeniable intellectual contributions as a public thinker, Coetzee remains retiring and an imaginary figure. On the other hand Costello is depicted as heavily embodied throughout Elizabeth Costello and The Lives of Animals. Behind every dialogue of Plato Socrates emerges and there is a consciousness of the fact that Socrates will be executed by the Athenian democracy for impiety and corruption of the youth. The same feeling of Costello’s mortality, together with a declining sense of desire, accompanies all Coetzee’s works in which he is featured. Therefore when Costello cannot be regarded as a martyr for her beliefs as did the Socrates there is nevertheless a feeing in which she is dying for her beliefs. Costello’s own mortality and feeling of her mortality heightens her compassion for animals that are being bred in numerous numbers and when still healthy and young are being exploited for experimentation, hunting testing and slaughter. â€Å"After a long flight, Costello is looking at her age. She has never taken care of her appearance; she used to be able to get away with it; now it shows. Old and tired. † (Stephen, 3). These illustrations continue in the beginning of the first paragraph of The Lives of Animals: He is waiting at the gate when her flight comes in. Two years have passed since he last saw his mother; despite himself, he is shocked at how she has aged. Her hair, which had had sneaks of gray in it, now was entirely white; her shoulders stoop; her flesh has grown flabby. In Costello’s speeches death is recurrent topic, in a sense The Lives of Animals reads like a memento mori for Coetzee himself. John (Costello’s son) guesses that his mother was about to talk about death. John dose not enjoy Costello talking about death and in addition her audience who majority consists of young people do not want any talks regarding death. Costello goes ahead in comparing the mass killing of animals in abattoirs to the mass killings of Jews in Nazi death camps. All through her speech, Costello talk about and describes the Nazi death camps and she returns to discuss death while talking about Nagel’s bat-being. â€Å"What I know is what a corpse does not know: that it is extinct, that it knows nothing and will never know anything more. For an instant, before my whole structure of knowledge collapses in panic, I am alive inside that contradiction, dead and alive at the same time. † (Derek, 32). Costello’s talk about lives of animals can be more or less lessened to her own solitude, seclusion and awareness of her own human mortality and all that she required was compassionate interaction with other human beings. In Slow man Costello is illustrated as returning rejuvenated. In The Lives of Animals, when Costello starts her conversation, she returns to her use of Kafka earlier in another speech, â€Å"What is Realism? † in which she identifies with Kafka’s ape, Red Peter. In both cases Costello points her similarity with Red Peter in that they are both salaried entertainers performing before a literate audience. Afterwards in her speech, Costello returns again to Kafka, and uses the terminologyâ€Å" amanuensis† two times with reference to the association between Kafka and his imaginative creation, the ape Red Peter (Franz, 35). The meaning of â€Å"amanuensis† is a person employed to take dictation or to copy manuscripts. The use of the phrase is not usual since it implies that Kafka the author took dictation from Red Peters in his imaginative creation. The same case applies in the relation between the writer Coetzee and Costello his imaginative creation. In the two cases, the normal causal association between the author and the character, creature and creator is interchanged. Costello and Red Peters are used by the authors as creatures that have an artistic reliability, a life of their own, which the authors have represented faithfully. The authors have respected the individual beings and voices of these creations. The two creations are required to come across as living animals and not just the ideal of animals. In â€Å"What is Realism? † Costello disputes that the greatness of Kafka is that Kafka stays awake during the gaps when people are sleeping. † WORKS CITED Derek, Attridge, J. M. Coetzee and the Ethics of Reading: Literature in the Event. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2004. Stephen, Mulhall, The Wounded Animal: J. M. Coetzee & the Difficulty of Reality in Literature and Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. Paola, et al. , The Death of the Animal: A Dialogue, New York: Columbia University Press: 2009. Franz, Kafka, The Diaries of Franz Kafka 1910–23 . London: Vintage, 1999.