Emotional Intelligence, By John Mayer And Peter Salovey

There are many different definitions of what emotional intelligence is and exactly which components should be included to comprise it. The most basic model of emotional intelligence is the four branch model described by John Mayer and Peter Salovey in 1997. The key concepts included in the four branch model are: emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional meanings, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote both better emotion and thought (Mayer Salovey, 1997).† The scientific definition of emotional intelligence, according to John Mayer, Peter Caruso and Peter Salovey is that emotional intelligence refers to an ability to recognize the meanings of emotion and their relationships, and to reason and problem-solve on the basis of them. Emotional intelligence is involved in the capacity to perceive emotions, assimilate emotion-related feelings, understand the information of those emotions, and manage them (Mayer, Caruso, Salovey, 2000). Daniel Goleman describes emotional intelligence as the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves and for managing emotion well in ourselves and in our relationships (Goleman, 2000).† Goleman goes on to explain that emotional intelligence can be broken down into two core competencies. These competencies include personal competence and social competence. PersonalShow MoreRelatedIs Emotional Intelligence Beneficial for Effective Leadership?1509 Words   |  7 Pagesare many different definitions of what emotional intelligence is and exactly which components should be included to comprise it. The most basic model of emotional intelligence is the four branch model described by John Mayer and Peter Salovey in 1997. The key concepts included in the four branch model are: emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional meanings, and to reflectively regulateRead MoreEmotional Intelligence As A Therapeutic Setting1543 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Intelligence Role in a Therapeutic Setting Emotional intelligence or as others call it, emotional quotient, is a relatively new and controversial topic in the world of psychology. Emotional intelligence abbreviated EI or EQ, was first theorized in 1990 by Peter Salovey a social psychologist hailing from Standford University and John Mayer a personality psychologist from Case Western University. These two researchers began by looking at intelligence quotients (IQ) and creating a hypothesisRead MoreThe Theory Of Emotional Intelligence1359 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way? Emotional Intelligence Theory attempts to answer all of these questions, and gives the rest of us a guideline on how to scale that emotional intelligence ladder. This analysis will look at the genesis of EI theory, review the applications within the school system and the workplace, and discuss how it affects to the social work practice. History Philosophers throughout the ages have hinted at emotional intelligence, but it was two American Psychologists, Peter Salovey and John Mayer, who firstRead MoreEssay on Different Types of Theories in Intelligence878 Words   |  4 Pages Different Types of Theories in Intelligence 2March, 2013 There are different types of theories for intelligence. â€Å"Intelligence is the underlying ability to understand the world and cope with it challenges† (Rathus, 2008-2009 pg. 174 para 7). Spearman, Gardner, Sternberg, and Salovey/Mayer explains these different types of theories. Some intelligence is a natural type of common knowledge. â€Å"Charles Spearman (1904) suggested that the behaviors we consider intelligent have a common underlyingRead MoreDon’T You Ever Wish You Know What That Feeling In Your1141 Words   |  5 Pagesfriend is having a bad day but keeps saying â€Å" I m fine, I m fine.† What your friend does not probably realize is that it can affect the people around, might even make your day bad too. What I found really interesting is Emotional Intelligence. If you never heard of emotional intelligence it is the ability to identify your emotions, understand what you feet and others around you, manage good relationships with the people in your everyday life. Howard Gardner said â€Å"Your EQ is the level of your abilityRead MoreEmotional Intelligence in Homeland Security927 Words   |  4 PagesEmotional Intelligence in Homeland Security Robert Frost once wrote, â€Å"Something we were withholding made us weak, until we found out that it was ourselves.† In the business world, professionals are told to leave their emotional baggage â€Å"at the door,† and this emotional plug can eventually lead to personal consequences. The very thing that Robert Frost says we withhold is our heart. Our hearts and the workings of our feelings create an important type of intelligence: an emotional intelligence. ItRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : Its Benefits1832 Words   |  8 PagesUNDERSTANDING EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: IT S BENEFIT Howell 2 IN THE WORKPLACE Introduction The introduction of the idea of emotional intelligence has brought controversy over exactly what it is and its value. Some social psychologists have questioned the idea of emotional intelligence while others fervently promote it. Even those who agree with this idea have trouble coming to a consensus as to what emotional intelligence is, how it can be measuredRead MoreEmotional Intelligence1076 Words   |  5 Pagesto answer, it is an interesting question because it suggests someone’s level of mental competence can be measured. If there is an answer to this question, it suggests that a person’s level of smartness or intelligence can be found pretty straightforwardly by a score on a measurement of intelligence such as an IQ test. Find a pen or pencil, have a seat, and take an IQ test. Even better, look one up on the internet. Hours†¦or even minutes later you will receive a score that supposedly tells you how smartRead MoreEmotional Inelligence Essay examples1669 Wo rds   |  7 Pagesyears emotional intelligence has become one of the hottest topics between organizations. Researches have been working on this topic for time to time, to demonstrate or refute the importance of feelings. In the beginning common thoughts from managers and or supervisors were; emotions are in the way; emotions try to keep us from making good decisions; emotions increase a lack on focusing. Fortunately, an indeed research takes emotional intelligence to an ultimate ideal in which intelligence is basedRead MoreThe Affect on Emotional Intelligence on Effective Leadership Essay2812 Words   |  12 PagesResearch Analysis and Proposal The Affect of Emotional Intelligence on Effective Leadership â€Å"Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage one’s own and others’ in order to guide one’s behavior and achieve goals† (Salovey, Mayer, 2005). In simple words, EI is the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions, that is, to regulate your own emotions, and the ability to cheer up or calm down another person. Building on the work of Mayor and Salovey (1997) and others, Goleman (1998) further suggested

Act 3 the Crucible Free Essays

Act III- Irony During Act III of The Crucible, by Arthur Miller; the central way that Miller depicts the corruption rooted within Salem is through the usage of the literary device, irony. The usage of personal pronouns within this work of literature seems to indicate a sense of power that the citizens have, versus the power found within the unknown. Parris says the following in order to encourage Mary Warren to cast out the devil, â€Å" Cast the devil out! Look him in the face! Trample him! We’ll save you, Mary, only stand fast against him and† (109). We will write a custom essay sample on Act 3 the Crucible or any similar topic only for you Order Now The usage of the pronoun ‘We’ll’ gives the reader a sense of authority that is held by the high officials in Salem. Irony is plainly evoked because the entire idea of the trails is to test the limits of the spiritual world within the town of Salem. The usage of personal pronouns reflects the flaws that seem to fuel these trials. The controversial topic of god rooted within these trials is ironic in the sense that doing the right thing could potentially be life threatening. Mary Warren proclaims that she loves god, after announcing her devilish pact, and says, â€Å" No, I love God; I go your way no more. I love God, I bless God. Abby, Abby, I’ll never hurt you more† (110). Salem becomes so deeply rooted in lies that the idea of god becomes clouded for those who try to seek the right thing. The choice between life and death, right and wrong, becomes diluted, making the right decisions punishable. No matter what is confessed, someone will either have to live with making the wrong decision, or die because a right decision was made. The figurative device of irony becomes reoccurring during act three in order to further show the reader the corrupt practices that are happening in Salem. How to cite Act 3 the Crucible, Papers

Various Issues in the Energy Resources-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the various issues in the energy resources. Answer: Introduction The following paper discusses about the summary and evaluation of the article on the global energy like the air, water and other sources. It has been noted that the use of the nuclear energy is not that much effective in the modern times. This is why the use of the nuclear energy should be stopped as it can result to the nuclear war. The infrastructure of the associations across the globe should be modernized and they should work together to mitigate all the issues that arise in this context. The article has been summarized and evaluated. Summary The following section is the article summary about the different aspects of the environmental policies as referred by Jacobson and Delucchi. This literature survey has argued about two important things (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011). The first is about the fracking of the shale gas companies. The environmental degradation has been very much. The energy problems have been very much rampant in the modern environmental backgrounds. The climate change has also been one of the most important things in the saving of the atmosphere and the environment. Some significant modes of pollution are water pollution, air pollution. All the people must conserve the energy sources properly indeed (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011). The cost of the reliable or conservative energy is definitely low indeed. The renewable energy is needed to be converted for the use of the human beings. The studies in the past times have revealed that renewable energy plans will be implemented seriously. The carbon dioxide emissions have been so high that the government of US has planned something big as well. The Kyoto Protocol has indeed suggested some ways to diminish this emission level of carbon dioxide. The supply system of the renewable energy must be implemented positively as well. It had been decided in the earlier meetings that the intercontinental transmission lines should be covered to provide the renewable energy across the countries in the region (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011). The cost can be diminished as well. Thus many solutions were being thought of indeed. The renewable energy and the nuclear energy should come into play indeed. It has been also said that the fossil fuels are needed to be carbonized. This will impro ve the energy efficiency. The proper use of science will have to be discussed in this issue. The advantages and disadvantages that shale gas development has are mainly regarding the equipments that are used. Many environmental problems occur in this regard as well. The health of the common people can be affected a lot. The pollution will increase and this will destroy the environment very badly (Panayotou, 2016). It is also required that the deforestation should be decreases to a good level as well (Lawrence Vandecar, 2015). This harms the environmental balance to a large degree. The vehicles emit the carbon gas to a large level. This should be stopped. As a replacement, the use of hydrogen in the vehicles should be encouraged (Baccini et al., 2012). The solar energy is one of the most important energy sources to cater to the need of the energy resources. Some of the technical, economic and geographical issues will have to be resolved in order to bring out the solutions (Redweik, Catita Brito, 2013). The experts are of the opinion that the solar power must be the most efficient replacement for the fossil fuel energy. The emission levels of carbon dioxide will decrease indeed (Lawrence Vandecar, 2015). This will be very much important in this context since the environment will be saved to a great deal indeed. The bio-fuel systems are also to be included in the operations as well. The expert s have also recommended the use of the electricity and battery run vehicles for the betterment of the environment in many ways (Baccini et al., 2012). Evaluation part This article has to be evaluated in this part of the paper. It can be said that the it is very much needed to utilize the solar energy for the energy efficiency in most parts. The energy resources will have to be implemented in the modern context of the environmental degradation. The different program and policies will have to be discussed in order to get the solutions for the best energy efficient solutions (Aghaei Alizadeh, 2013). If the use of the fossil fuels is destroying the balance of the nature and environment, this should be put to an end somehow indeed. It has been speculated that by 2030, the WWS system can be implemented all over the world to save the energy and make it run for a long time. This will also be helpful for the electricity and transportation system all over as well (Aghaei Alizadeh, 2013). The expert scientists have claimed that the ice cap of Arctic sea has slowly begun the melting process. The energy resources have been hampered because of that as well. Some relevant solutions are needed to be given for this. The development of technology must play an important part in the shaping up of the carbon gases all over the world (Schiederig, Tietze Herstatt, 2012) The experts in this field must prepare their plans for the saving the energy resources all over the world. The other WWS electric power sources can be acknowledged as the river or the ocean electric power system (Weedy et al., 2012). These are alternate systems as well. These power sources could be utilized for the better supply of power. The nuclear energy sources are not taken as a genuine power source in the modern times. The use of nuclear weapons by the powerful countries could be encouraged by the nuclear energy. These are the reasons renewable energy should be utilized properly. References Aghaei, J., Alizadeh, M. I. (2013). Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,18, 64-72. Baccini, A. G. S. J., Goetz, S. J., Walker, W. S., Laporte, N. T., Sun, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., ... Samanta, S. (2012). Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps.Nature Climate Change,2(3), 182. Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials.Energy policy,39(3), 1154-1169. Lawrence, D., Vandecar, K. (2015). Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture.Nature Climate Change,5(1), 27. Panayotou, T. (2016). Economic growth and the environment.The environment in anthropology, 140-148. Redweik, P., Catita, C., Brito, M. (2013). Solar energy potential on roofs and facades in an urban landscape.Solar Energy,97, 332-341. Schiederig, T., Tietze, F., Herstatt, C. (2012). Green innovation in technology and innovation managementan exploratory literature review.Rd Management,42(2), 180-192. Weedy, B. M., Cory, B. J., Jenkins, N., Ekanayake, J. B., Strbac, G. (2012).Electric power systems. John Wiley Sons.

Dmci Homes Application of Pert Essay Example

Dmci Homes Application of Pert Essay ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I. Introduction a. Company Profile b. Organizational Chart c. Project Portfolio d. Problem Definition II. Literature Review e. Project Evaluation and Review Technique f. Critical Path Method III. Data and Analysis -CPM Network CPM Network (Early Start, Early Finish, Target Start, Target Finish) -CPM Network for Crash Scenario -Table 1. 2 -Table 1. 3 Time – Cost trade off data for activities IV. Conclusion V. Recommendation VI. References VII. Appendices g. Scope of Work for each Activity h. Company Profile ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I. Introduction a. Company Background i. Mission and Vision DMCI Homes is the country’s premier triple A builder-developer that brings serviced, themed communities within reach of urban families who once had limited residential options, but still aspire to achieve a comfortable, enriching quality of life proximate to their place of interest. In so doing, we are committed†¦ to ensure customer satisfaction, to achieve a sustainable growth on our shareholders’ investment, to maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with our partners in the business, to care for the environment we work in, to promote the growth of our people†¦ While building an organization that espouses Integrity, Excellence and Interdependence. ii. Our Values INTEGRITY All our actions are guided by what is ethical, fair, and right. Believing in profit with honor, we are committed to good governance and the highest moral standards. EXCELLENCE In even the smallest of details, we reject mediocrity and strive for excellence. INTERDEPENDENCE With unity in purpose and mutual trust and respect for each other, we work toward shared aspirations and transcend boundaries along functional and organizational lines. CUSTOMER ORIENTATION We will write a custom essay sample on Dmci Homes Application of Pert specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dmci Homes Application of Pert specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dmci Homes Application of Pert specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Our goal is to delight and please our customers. Thus, all activities and programs we undertake result in innovative projects and in the enhancement of productivity and quality. iii. Company History David M. Consunji was a young concrete inspector when he learned the important elements of construction: proper planning, in-depth and thorough preparation, meticulous implementation, and precise system framework. Armed with these insights and equipped with his Civil Engineering degree from the University of the Philippines, David M. Consunji built his own contracting company. D. M. Consunji, Incorporated (DMCI) was founded on December 24, 1954 in a small room in Pandacan, Manila, with the vision of building for a generation of Filipinos. DMCI began by constructing chicken houses for the Bureau of Animal Industry. From this, DMCI earned a reputation for on-time delivery and quality work. Since then, major projects such as the Tacloban Coca-Cola Plant and the Bacnotan Cement Plant were awarded to the company. BUILDING TRUST Through continuing research, DMCI became a pioneer in several advanced construction application technology in the Philippines. Taking this into account, DMCI enjoys the patronage of both new and repeat institutional clients whose businesses have benefited from DMCI’s  on-or-ahead-of-schedule completion philosophy. The hundreds of landmark infrastructures constructed by DMCI symbolize the expertise and professionalism of the Filipino engineer. Some of the landmark infrastructures that DMCI built include: * Mactan Shangri-La Hotel (Mactan, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu) * Makati Shangri-la (Makati City) * Shangri-la Resorts Spa Boracay (Malay, Aklan) * Manila Hotel (Rizal Park, Manila) The Westin Philippine Plaza/Sofitel (CCP Complex, Roxas Boulevard, Manila) * Cultural Center of the Philippines (Roxas Boulevard, Manila) * Ayala Tower One (Makati City) * The New Istana Palace (Sultan’s Palace, Brunei, Darussalam) * The Asian Hospital (Filinvest Corporate City, Muntinlupa) * The Manila Doctor’s Hospital (UN Avenue, Manila) It has successfully completed over 500 projects to date. These landmark in frastructures symbolize the expertise and professionalism of the Filipino engineer. BREAKING NEW GROUND In 1999, DMCI spun off its housing division, DMCI Homes, with the aim to build condominiums and house and lots. It began with  Lake View Manors  (1999), followed by more innovations with  Hampstead  Gardens(2001). Beginning 2003, DMCI Homes became bolder and built  East Ortigas Mansions, adding more amenities and facilities for its residents. Villa Alegre Homes  and Mayfield  Park  followed in 2004 with more improvements, which include the installation of elevators at Mayfield Park. As more projects were developed, DMCI Homes as an organization also grew. In a span of a little over a decade, DMCI Homes has built the most comfortable, resort-type communities for urban dwellers, and continues to do so. Whether they are situated in Quezon City, Taguig City, Mandaluyong City, Pasig City, or Paranaque City, each of the DMCI Homes developments have been built with resort-type amenities and facilities, which include wide open space all around the housing structures, gardens with Koi ponds, rows of trees, and thick foliage. DMCI Homes’ rapid growth can be attributed to its thrust to continuously delight its customers. It will continue to create urban and destination housing at price ranges that are within comfortable reach of the average Filipino family. b. Organizational Leaders Principal Officers DAVID M. CONSUNJI Founder ISIDRO A. CONSUNJI Chairman ALFREDO R. AUSTRIA President Division Heads EDWINA C. LAPERAL Treasurer RAMIL B. LOMBOS Director for Operations ELMER G. CIVIL Director for Design and Construction REYNALDO C. SALAZAR Director for Business Development FLORANTE C. OFRECIO Director for Sales c. Project Porfolio These 7 distinct features of a DMCI Homes residential community will make you want to move in—immediately. MODERN IN-CITY LIVING DMCI Homes residential communities are located in close proximity to major business and commercial centers of Makati, Ortigas, and the Bonifacio Global City, letting you enjoy modern living at its best. Strategically situated within the vicinity of malls, schools, hospitals, and government offices, DMCI Homes’ residential communities make living hassle-free and convenient. DMCI Homes residential communities are easily accessible by public transportation. MEDIUM DENSITY DEVELOPMENT Built to contain only a limited number of housing units for residents, all DMCI Homes communities are exclusive. The medium-rise condominium buildings have single loaded corridors that open up to a garden space or an atrium instead of a neighboring door. This feature allows the unobstructed entry of natural lighting, constant ventilation, and optimum privacy. All DMCI Homes communities are also designed to maintain a 60:40 footprint-to-building space ratio that leaves ample room for gardens and more open areas. RESORT LIVING DMCI Homes communities are equipped with complete resort amenities that include: * A clubhouse with function rooms, a bar, KTV room, and view deck * Adult and kiddie swimming pools Basketball and badminton courts * Well-landscaped open areas, parks, and playground * Jogging and biking paths THEMED DEVELOPMENT DMCI Homes residential communities are created with distinct architectural design concepts that show first class development features. Choose from Asian, Mediterranean, and Modern Contemporary styled communities. WORRY-FREE LIVING DMCI Homes ensures that you continue t o experience the quality service they provide, even after turnover. A Property Management Group composed of seasoned professionals handles the upkeep of DMCI Homes developments and as well as the day-to-day concerns of its homeowners. Among other things, the group is tasked to oversee:   * Initial orientation  for the condominium owner upon turnover * Assistance for application of basic utilities  such as telephone and Meralco power. The owner does not have to go to the agency branches. The PMO will be the one to forward documents to the respective agency. * Maintenance and assistance on minor works, such as the installation of air-conditioning and curtains, dealing with clogged drains, etc. * Serves as an information center  for the project, e. g. , information on units and important areas within the vicinity. Assistance on transactions concerning the developer, including following up documents * Community events  such as sports fests, family day, Halloween treats, Christmas party, etc. You are also able to enjoy the perks of living in a DMCI Homes community. Modern-day facilities that are standard features in the developments and which contribute to a more convenient lifestyle include: * 24-hour securi ty service * Gated entrance and perimeter fence * Overhead water tank, deep well, and underground cistern * Covered bridge way connecting the residential building to the car park * Individual drying area at the roof deck Provision for CATV and telephone lines QUALITY WORKMANSHIP Expect efficient floor plans and high-quality structures with first-rate construction techniques in the development of all DMCI Homes projects, owing to its mother company DMCI’s 50-year commendable track record in the construction industry. DMCI Homes also provides one (1) year quality warranty that covers repairs, free of charge, on any workmanship defects of the unit. Fast and reliable, the companys construction of the residential buildings and turnover of units are within 6 to 12 months only. READY FOR OCCUPANCY AND MOVE-IN POLICY For as low as 20% down payment for mid-rise or 30% down payment for high-rise, a homebuyer may immediately move into his or her unit and enjoy the privileges of living in a DMCI Homes residential community, provided his or her unit is completed. Without the long wait, take pleasure in a resort living ambience right within your own backyard, or realize your condo unit’s earning potential sooner than you expected. II. Literature Review A BRIEF HISTORY OF SCHEDULING BACK TO THE FUTURE Presented at 4 6 April 2006 Hyatt, Canberra. Patrick Weaver FAICD, FCIOB, PMP. Director, Mosaic Project Services Pty Ltd Introduction The science of ‘scheduling’ as defined by Critical Path Analysis (CPA) will celebrate its 50th Anniversary in 2007. In 1956/57 Kelly and Walker started developing the algorithms that became the ‘Activity-on-Arrow’ or ADM scheduling methodology for DuPont. The program they developed was trialed on plant shutdowns in 1957 and their first paper on critical path scheduling was published in March 1959. The PERT system was developed at around the same time but lagged CPM by 6 to 12 months (although the term ‘critical path’ was invented by the PERT team). Later the Precedence (PDM) methodology was developed by Dr. John Fondahl in 1977 as a ‘noncomputer’ alternative to CPM. Arguably, the evolution of modern project management is a direct consequence of the need to make effective use of the data generated by the schedulers in an attempt to manage and control the critical path1. The evolution of scheduling closely tracked the development of computers. The initial systems were complex mainframe behemoths, typically taking a new scheduler many months to learn to use. These systems migrated to the ‘mini computers’ of the 1970s and 80s but remained expensive, encouraging the widespread use of manual scheduling techniques, with only the larger (or more sophisticated) organizations being able to afford a central scheduling office and the supporting computer systems. The advent of the ‘micro computer’ (ie, personal computer, or PC) changed scheduling forever. The evolution of PC based scheduling move project controls from an environment where a skilled cadre of schedulers operating expensive systems made sure the scheduling was ‘right’ (and the organization ‘owned’ the data) to a ituation where anyone could learn to drive a scheduling software package, schedules became ‘islands of data’ sitting on peoples’ desktops and the overall quality of scheduling plummeted. Current trends back to ‘Enterprise’ systems supported by PMOs seem to be redressing the balanceand offerin g the best of both worlds. From the technology perspective, information is managed centrally, but is easily available on anyone’s desktop via web enabled and networked systems. From the skills perspective PMOs are re-developing career paths for schedulers and supporting the development of scheduling standards within organizations. This paper tracks the development of scheduling (with a particular focus on Micro Planner and Primavera) and looks at the way the evolving technology has changed the way projects are scheduled and managed. In the Beginning Pre 1956 The concept of ‘scheduling’ is not new; Sun Tzu wrote about scheduling and strategy 5000 years ago from a military perspective, the pyramids are over 3000 years old, transcontinental railways have been being built for some 200 years, etc. None of these activities could have been accomplished without some form of schedule; ie, the understanding of activities and sequencing. However, whilst the managers, priests and military leaders controlling the organizations responsible for accomplishing the ‘works’ must have an appreciation of ‘scheduling’ (or at least the successful ones would have) there is little evidence of any formal processes until the 20th Centenary. Henry L. Gantt, an American engineer and social scientist is credited with the developed the bar chart (Gantt Chart) in 1917 as a production control tool. In its pure form, the bar chart correlates activities and time in a graphical display allowing the timing of work to be determined but not interdependencies. Sequencing is inferred rather then shown and as a ‘hand drawn’ diagram, the early charts were a static representation of the schedule. Fig. 1 A typical Gantt chart. Milestone charts were also in regular use by the 1950s2. Major contracts were subdivided into sections with target dates set for accomplishing the work required to achieve each ‘milestone’. However, as with Gantt Charts, all of the dates and durations shown in these charts were based on heuristics (rules of thumb) and/or experience. It was possible to identify slippage but any assessment of the impact of a delay was based on a personal view of the data rather than analysis. As a consequence when schedule slippage became apparent on major contracts, the tendency was to flood the work with labor and ‘buy time’ frequently at a very high premium. Independent of the development of schedule control processes based on bar charts and milestones, work on linear programming had been going on for a number of years. This branch of mathematics looked at the cause and effect of actions on each other in situations such as the flow of traffic along a freeway. One of the mathematicians involved in this work was James E. Kelley. CPM and Kelly and Walker3 The origin of CPM can be traced back to mid 1956. E. I. du Pont de Numours (Du Pont) was looking for useful things to do with its ‘UNIVAC1’ computer (this was one of the very first computers installed in a commercial business anywhere and only the third UNIVAC machine built). Fig. 2 – An early UNIVAC Computer Du Pont’s management felt that ‘planning, estimating and scheduling’ seemed like a good use of the computer! Morgan Walker was given the job of discovering if a computer could be programmed to help. Others had started studying the problem, including other researchers within Du Pont but no one had achieved a commercially viable outcome. In the period from late 1956 through to April 1957, Walker assisted by Kelly and others had scoped a viable project. Their challenge was to solve the time-cost conundrum. They could demonstrate that in preference to flooding a project with labor to recover lost time, focusing effort on the ‘right’ tasks can reduce time without significantly increasing cost. The problem was identifying the ‘right’ tasks! Fig. 3 – The Time / Cost Curve On the 7th May 1957, a meeting in Newark Delaware committed US$226,400 to a project to develop CPM; Du Pont’s share was $167,700, Remington Rand Univac contributed $58,700. Univac had decided to help ‘to keep IBM at bay’; competition can be useful†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but more important than the money was the people brought to the project by Univac. The Du Pont team was lead by Morgan R. Walker, key players from Univac were James E. Kelley and John Mauchly. Kelley was the mathematician and computer expert nominated by Mauchly to ‘solve the problem’ for Walker. The solution adopted by Kelley borrowed from ‘linear programming’ and used the i-j notation to describe the relationship between activities. This constrained the sequencing and made the calculations feasible (remembering the challenge was still to resolve the ‘time-cost’ trade off). This solution created a couple of significant challenges. One was gathering the data needed toload the computer model. Engineers were not used to describing work in terms of activities (tasks) with resource requirements and different costs depending on the resources deployed for a ‘normal’ duration and a ‘crashed’ duration. Gathering the data for the first CPM model took Walker over three months. The other problem was that unless you were a mathematician the concept of i-j was virtually meaningless! The ‘Activity-on-Arrow’ diagram was developed to explain the mathematics to management. Despite all of the problems, by 24th July 1957 the first analysis of the George Fischer Works schedule had been completed and the concept proven. The schedule included 61 activities, 8 timing restraints and 16 dummies. Fig. 4 A section of the George Fisher Works CPM schedule The major challenge then became reducing the number of calculations and variables to a level that could be processed in a reasonable timeframe. The estimate of the time needed to update a schedule of 150 to 300 arrows was some 350 hours of computer time per month. Some of the challenges were as basic as accessing the right computer; magnetic tapes storing the schedule data were prepared on the DuPont computers and then flown across the USA to be run on machines capable of analyzing the data. Development continued through 1958 and in March 1959 Kelley and Walker jointly presented CPM to the public at large at the Eastern Joint Computer Conference in a paper entitled ‘Critical Path Planning and Scheduling’. As with many innovations though, CPM nearly died as a concept. CPM saved DuPont 25% on their shutdowns, but they dropped the system shortly after the management team responsible for its development changed in 1959. Similarly, RemRand could see little future in the system and abandoned it! CPM as a technique was ‘saved’ by Mauchly ; Associates (including John Mauchly and Jim Kelley). Starting in 1959, they commercialized CPM, simplified the process to focus on schedule (rather than cost), organized training courses and developed an entire new way of ‘doing business’. CPM was popular but expensive – solving scheduling problems (eg loops) could cost the price of a small car! PERT and Other Systems PERT was developed independently by the US Navy Special Projects Office, Bureau of Ordnance (SP). A team comprising members of SP and consulting firm Booz, Allen and Hamilton was established in 1957 and produced its first report in July, 1958. Apart from introducing uncertainty into schedule durations, the lasting contribution the PERT teams have made to the business of scheduling was the invention of the ‘critical path’. Kelly and Walker used the name ‘main chain’ for the longest path through their schedule. By 1961, a multitude of PERT like systems had been developed including MAPS, SCANS, TOPS,PEP, TRACE, LESS and PAR. These systems were all network based and had distinguishing features of their own. PEP is particularly interesting as it was essentially ‘a connected bar chart; ie, a set of bars with links connecting the ends of related bars’5. A concept that has re-surfaced in a range of computerized scheduling tools in recent years. By 1968 PERT and CPM had emerged as the standard nomenclatures and dominant systems. Precedence Diagramming Method In 1961 John Fondahl published a report entitled ‘A Non-computer Approach to Critical Path Methods for the Construction Industry’6. This paper described the PDM system of scheduling and was offered as effective manual process to bypass the expensive computer based CPM system. The irony being PDM is now used by every computer based scheduling system, PERT has dies out completely and CPM is rarely seen and is generally only found in academic papers where the calculations are performed manually! Mainframe days†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Through to the early 1980s, to create a project schedule you either used a mini or mainframe computer system. Or drew and calculated schedules manually. Or did both; manual calculations first (to sort out problems) then pload the corrected and checked schedule to the computer. The run-time on the computer cost too much for errors! Schedulers were trained through a process of apprenticeships and mentoring; it cost too much and took too long to fix problems caused by inexperience! The consequence was the evolution of a group of project schedulers skilled in both the art and science of scheduling. H owever, as Kelley noted from the very earliest CPM training courses, there was a significant variability in the outcome for scheduling exercises caused by differing skill levels and perceptions on the trainees. The existence of scheduling departments meant the scheduling processes were standardized and the schedule data was largely ‘owned’ by the organization. Additionally, the desire of professional schedulers to exchange information and develop their skills would appear to have been the foundation for the evolution of ‘modern project management. PC systems Micro Planner Micro computers emerged in the late 1970s, machines like the Commodore and Atari were initially aimed at the enthusiast. However, by the end of the 1970s micro computers were starting to make their presence felt in the business world. One of the leaders in the business market was Apple Computer with its first ‘commercial’ PC, the Apple II being launched in 1979. The first commercial scheduling software for this class of computer was developed by Micro Planning Services in the UK. Running on the Apple II Micro Planner v1. 0 was released in 1980 after 14 months development, based on the ICL PERT mainframe system. The first IBM PC was launched in 1981; although the definitive IBM XT was not launched until 1983. In 1982, ‘The Planner’ is released for the 256K IBM PC and the Sirius/Victor. Windows’ type operating systems became available in 1984 (Apple Macintosh) with Microsoft’s ‘Windows v1. 0’ being launched in November ‘85. Micro Planner maintained their association with the Apple system launching graphical scheduling systems for the Apple Macintosh in 1986 and Windows in 1988; followed by the first true GUIb scheduling tool Micro Planner X-Pert in 1989. The author managed the Australian arm of the Micro Planner group from 1986 through to 1998 over this period the total annual sales of the business grew to more than $1 million. Primavera Primavera was founded in May 1983 by: Dick Faris, Joel Koppelman and Les Seskin (who owned a batch entry mainframe scheduling system). Today Primavera is arguably the dominant ‘high end’ project scheduling tool worldwide. But where did the name come from? Focusing on the then ‘mainstream’ DOS operating system, Primavera shot to prominence with the release of a 10,000 activity capable system in the late 1980s and has maintained its position as ‘market leader’ with a steady flow of innovative developments. The Changing Industry During the 1970s, the arrival of powerful project scheduling systems running on ‘Mini Computers’ caused the first major change. The lower operating cost of systems such as MAPPS on Wang and Artemis on HP and DEC hardware caused the rapid demise of mainframe scheduling systems. Apart from a few legacy systems the era of the mainframe was over by the mid 1980s. The ‘mini systems’ retained many of the characteristics of the mainframes though and required skilled schedulers to make efficient use of them. From the perspective of the people working as schedulers all that changed was the hardware and maybe the software vendor. The rapid spread of relatively cheap, easy-to-use’ PCs in the latter half of the 1980s spawned dozens (if not hundreds) of PC based scheduling systems including TimeLine and CA Super project at the ‘low end’, and Open Plan and Primavera at the ‘high end’ of PC capability. The ‘low end’ tools spread the availability of scheduling systems to a very wide audience and allowed everyone access to cheap computer based scheduling. This had two impacts, by the early 1990s no one was doing manual scheduling (apart maybe from a few ‘old timers’) and the number of people creating schedules on a part time, untrained basis exploded. At the same time, the increasing capability of the ‘high end’ systems annihilated the significantly more expensive mini systems. Scheduling had become a desk top PC based process. The last of the significant changes in the industry started in latter part of the 1980s and has continued through to the present time. Despite the ever increasing number of people using PC based scheduling tools; the competition in the market has driven prices down and caused a major consolidation of the industry. For many years, Microsoft Project could be bought for less than $100 per set. This decimated the ‘low end’ market. Similarly the cost of developing GUI interfaces and staying competitive in the features arms race at the ‘high end’ caused most of the system developers to move to greener pastures or simply close up shop. It is only since the start of the 21st century has this trend begun to change. The increase in the sophistication of Microsoft Project and the rise in its base cost to around $1000 has opened up the market to a number of low cost entry level tools based primarily on bar charts. There has also been an increase in the number of generally available niche systems offering enhanced; risk (eg Pertmaster), time/location and line of balance capabilities (eg DynaProjectâ„ ¢ and LinearPlus) and other functionality, that can operate stand alone or use data from and interact with the dominant systems such as Microsoft Project and Primavera. One very interesting development is a Russian tool called SPIDER. This software dynamically links time and cost (the original Kelley and Walker objective) within a managed risk profile. The loss of skills and control Prior to the 1980s Scheduling was a serious business; it used very expensive assets, required significant training and skill and was largely centralized and ‘visible’. Where manual scheduling was used, the saving in system costs was offset by the tedium of lengthy manual calculations. It simply did not pay to make mistakes! The arrival of ‘easy to use’ scheduling tools with a graphical interface radically changed the industry. Scheduling migrated to the desktop and the myth that ‘anyone’ can schedule (provided they knew how to switch on a PC) emerged. Many people learned ‘scheduling’ from using tools like Microsoft Project. There was no training or oversight and as a consequence, the average schedule is littered with ‘fixes’ allowed or encouraged by the tool. The trend has been towards a focus on computer processes and getting a schedule ‘looking right’ rather than analyzing a project to determine the appropriate duration based on appropriate resources and designing the schedule to be an effective management tool in the context of each specific project. As a direct consequence of this loss of skills, the importance of scheduling has dropped in most organizations and most projects run late! But the tide is turning†¦.. Current trends back to the future The requirement for effective ‘corporate governance’ is focusing management’s attention on project controls. The requirement for visibility, predictability and accountability of project performance can only be achieved by the introduction of effective corporate tools supported by skilled project schedulers7. The drive for visibility has been met by the arrival of powerful ‘Enterprise’ tools such as Primavera Enterprise and the suite of programs from WST including Open Plan and WelcomeHome. These integrated tools with effective data management and security ‘built in’ deliver the visibility and control needed for effective corporate governance (provided the tools are adequately supported). Additionally, the integrated nature of the tools makes project data visible and this visibility encourages enhanced quality. The drive for quality is creating a demand for skilled schedulers. This skills shortage is being helped by the spread of PMOsd and a renewed interest in scheduling training8. Many PMOs are also starting to recognize the need for, and develop skills in the ‘art’ of effective scheduling, as well as providing a home and career path for schedulers. The trend back towards a corporate view of schedule information and the requirement for skilled schedulers to operate the tools and provide effective support to project managers is being supported by the development of new standards. PMI will launch its ‘Scheduling Practice Standard’ in 2006, to augment the information in the PMBOK Guide. A longer term initiative is the work being undertaken by PMI’s College of Scheduling to develop and publish its ‘Scheduling Excellence Initiative’9. SEI is planned to develop and publish a comprehensive set of industry accepted best practices and guidelines for every aspect of project management ‘that touches a schedule, or that a schedule touches’. The consequence of these trends is that schedulers are once again in great demand around the world. The role of the scheduler is back! Conclusions The evolution of scheduling has been a fascinating journey: †¢ Kelley and Walker set out to solve the time-cost conundrum and invented CPM. For most organizations the resolution of time-cost issues is still in the ‘too hard’ basket (although SPIDER offers an interesting solution)! †¢ The PERT project invented the name ‘Critical Path’, and everyone else borrowed it. †¢ Fondahl invented a non-computer methodology for scheduling that is now used by every computer package worldwide! †¢ Whilst Kelley and Walkers CPM system was developed for computers and is now only seen as a manual technique. The changing role of the scheduler has been almost as interesting: †¢ The mainframe era saw scheduling as: o A skilled profession o Central to the success of projects The new ‘enterprise’ era sees scheduling as o A skilled profession o Central to the success of projects We have gone back to the future! III. Data and Analysis -Data Activity| Description| Predecessor| ABCDEFGHIJKLMN| Civil and StructuralFire Protection WorksMechanical WorksElectrical WorksPlumbing WorksAuxilliaryM asonry/WetworksMiscellaneousWalls ; FinishesMiscellaneousPainting WorksCeiling WorksFloor FinishesMechanical EquipmentElectrical EquipmentFire Protection EquipmentPlumbing Equipment| D, EB, C, EAAHH, IGFK, L, M| This Table shows the flow of activities in building basement 3. We were able to determine the activities by the given data. * CPM Network Crash Completion Time 9 months Crash Cost: Php 6, 197, 600. 00 Critical Path: B – G – L M IV. Conclusion This study investigates on the feasibility of project development thru the use of PERT and CPM techniques. Both aided the researchers in getting the critical path, optimum project completion time, and minimum project cost incurred after the optimum crash completion time. The critical path is the longest path of the project where it indicates the amount of time needed for the completion of the project. Thus the activities along this path must be accelerated in order to catalyze the project, On the other hand, when delays happen in these activities would cause a chain reaction of delays throughout the scheduling, etc for the rest of the project. Obtaining the optimum project completion time is done by crashing the network. Crashing the network refers to crashing a number of activities in order to reduce the duration of the project below its normal value. Based on the data obtained, this project accomplished in 13 months with a total cost Php 4, 596,400. 0. However if the project is crashed the soonest possible time is 9 months with a cost of Php 6, 197, 600. 00. V. Recommendation Though PERT and CPM considers the cost and completion time available it doesn’t really reflect how the real scheduling of a construction project is. It is only an ideal flow of activities. In current construction project activities usually starts simultaneously e. g. As soon as this first floor floor ing is done, they begin with the next floor not observing anymore the other activities to be done on first floor. Therefore the use of PERT CPM should be of initial study and not as a basis of overall scheduling of construction. VI. References Hillier and Lieberman. â€Å"Introduction to Operations Research†, Chapter 10 Project Management with PERT/CPM, 7th Edition Weaver, P. (2006) â€Å"A Brief History of Scheduling†, ;http://www. pmforum. org/library/papers/2006/A_Brief_History_of_Scheduling. pdf;. â€Å"PERT/CPM for Project Scheduling ; Management†, ;interventions. org/pertcpm. html;. â€Å"Pert Diagram and CPM†,

Lloyd Augustus Hall - Chemist and Inventor

Lloyd Augustus Hall - Chemist and Inventor An industrial food chemist, Lloyd Augustus Hall revolutionized the meatpacking industry with his development of curing salts for the processing and reserving of meats. He developed a technique of flash-driving (evaporating) and a technique of sterilization with ethylene oxide which is still used by medical professionals today. Earlier Years Lloyd Augustus Hall was born in Elgin, Illinois, on June 20, 1894.  Halls grandmother came to Illinois via the Underground Railroad  when she was 16. Halls grandfather came to Chicago in 1837 and was one of the founders of the Quinn Chapel  A.M.E. Church. In 1841, he was the churchs first pastor. Hall’s parents, Augustus and Isabel, both graduated high school. Lloyd was born in Elgin but his family moved to  Aurora, Illinois​, which is where he was raised. He graduated in 1912 from East Side High School in Aurora. After graduation, he studied   pharmaceutical chemistry  at  Northwestern University,  earning a bachelor of science degree, followed by a  masters  degree from the  University of Chicago. At Northwestern, Hall met Carroll L. Griffith, who with his father, Enoch L. Griffith, founded  Griffith Laboratories​. The Griffiths later hired Hall as their chief chemist. After finishing college, Hall was hired by the  Western Electric Company  after a phone interview. But the company refused to hire Hall when they learned he was black. Hall then began working as a chemist for the Department of Health in  Chicago  followed by a job as chief chemist with the John Morrell Company. During  World War I, Hall served with the  United States Ordnance Department  where he was promoted to Chief Inspector of Powder and Explosives. Following the war, Hall married Myrrhene Newsome and they moved to Chicago where he worked for the Boyer Chemical Laboratory, again as a chief chemist. Hall then became president and chemical director for Chemical Products Corporations consulting laboratory. In 1925, Hall took a position with Griffith Laboratories where he remained for 34 years. Inventions Hall invented new ways to preserve food. In 1925, at Griffith Laboratories, Hall invented his processes for preserving meat using sodium chloride and nitrate and nitrite crystals.   This process was known as flash-drying. Hall also pioneered the use of antioxidants. Fats and oils spoil when exposed to oxygen in the air. Hall used lecithin, propyl gallate, and ascorbyl ​palmite as antioxidants, and invented a process to prepare the antioxidants for food preservation. He invented a process to sterilized spices using ​ethylenoxide gas, an insecticide. Today, the use of preservatives has been reexamined. Preservatives have been linked to many health issues. Retirement After retiring from Griffith Laboratories in 1959, Hall consulted for the  Food and Agriculture Organization  of the  United Nations. From 1962 to 1964, he was on the American  Food for Peace  Council. He died in 1971 in  Pasadena,  California. He was awarded several honors during his lifetime, including  honorary degrees  from  Virginia State University,  Howard University​  and the  Tuskegee Institute,  and in 2004 he was inducted into the  National Inventors Hall of Fame​.

African American Civil Rights Movement

The African-American civil rights movement is about a century old and it started from the grassroots level for the end of racial injustice and social discrimination towards African Americans. The struggle was a combined effort of the many black African American leaders, ministers and communities comprising the authorities of black churches, editors and publishers of black owned newspapers, racial and interracial organizations. The struggle was for getting the basic civil and human rights which the society was denying to them. There were many organized legal challenges in the court of law and also many acts of courage against cruel police actions against the movement. (History Topic, African American civil rights movement) A particular example of this type of struggle has been displayed in the book Warriors Dont Cry written by Melba Pattillo Beals. The author has narrated a horrible example which clearly shows the extent of racial feeling and hatred that was prevalent in the US society during 1950 after the Second World War. â€Å"As she walks through the halls and rooms of the old school, she recalls the horrible acts of violence that were committed by the white students against her and her friends.†(Warrior’s Don’t cry, Free Essays). In spite of the Supreme Court order in 1954 that all schools must provide equal education to all students and it would be unconstitutional for some schools to deny this opportunity to some, the worst incident happened at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. The school authorities took three years to complete the integration plan. The entire white community in the town started protesting the integration plan and acts of violence towards the African American community spread in the town. Seeing the public  outrage many black students decided to stay back in the black only school in the city that was under funded. (Warrior’s Don’t cry, Free Essays) The local Arkansas authorities passed laws and ordinances that would prevent the integration plan of the school. The Governor of Arkansas sent National Security Guards to surround the school building and prevent the black students entering the school premises. Nine black students, which includes the author Ms Beals defied the order and started walking towards the school. But they could not reach the school as â€Å"before they even reached the property they were met with great resistance from racist citizens who spat upon them, mocked them, threw sharp objects at them, and even physically beat them. Melba describes the deep hurt she felt as for the first time in her life she saw the harsh reality of racism at its worst.† (Warrior’s Don’t cry, Free Essays) The incident took the nation by storm as the African American civil rights movement was then at its peak form. Amazed by their courage against oppression, these young students popularly came to be known as Little Rock Nine and they were appreciated for the stand they had taken against the oppression that their people were facing for the past few centuries in America. The blacks were forced to use separate restrooms, drinking water, restaurants, sidewalk and every other means of public utility service. Though during this time, people started to believe that it is possible to co-exist peacefully with the blacks and that was good for the society at large, the South was not ready to accept the departure from their century old beliefs. (Warrior’s Don’t cry, Free Essays) The incidents of racism during the 1950’s in America’s south have also been described in the book ‘Separate Pasts: Growing Up White in the Segregated South’  written by Melton Alonza McLaurin. It is an honest admittance of the fact from a white Southerner that how severe was racism at that time. The author has described an incident of his in the book where he has punched a black boy named Bobo, because he used the same needle that he does to blow up the basketball. He has also referred an African American school teacher who forces him to call her â€Å"Miss†. (Amazon.com book review) This is an example which shows how African American school teachers were looked down upon by their white students during 1950’s.   These scattered incidents were enough to ignite the fire for the Civil rights movement. African American soldiers after returning home risking their lives from the Second World War, found that they were largely deprived and ignored at home. Thus â€Å"The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Urban League  Ã¢â‚¬â€ including their Minnesota chapters — joined other organizations in using legal, political, judicial, economic, and legislative means to gain full citizenship rights for their people.† (History Topic, African American civil rights movement) Then the famous Reverend Martin Luther King, along with his colleagues under the banner of Southern Christian Leadership Congress (SCLC), started a nonviolent and civil disobedience movement that took the movement to a new height amidst mass protests. It started with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and spread through sit-ins and large peaceful demonstrations, as local groups and their leaders joined the struggle. (History Topic, African American civil rights movement) The prominent                 leaders of the movement were W.E.B. Du Bois, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, etc. (African-American Civil rights Movement)

Sociological Systems Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sociological Systems Theory - Essay Example A relationship is defined, as the interactive existence of more than one occurrence, in which there is a relative linkage marked by logic, concept, structure, or time. In this mode a relationship between occurrences is more than a proposition. For example, management and organization scientists generally define propositions on stating relationships between two or more concepts. An illustration would be the linkage between the efforts carried on R&D and the satisfaction of users of the new product, which was thus developed. When a relationship is defined beyond the propositional boundaries, it would be similar to the chain architecture of propositions, which compose an entire theory. This flow and changeability of variables are characteristics of a process mode, in which occurrences are linked by virtue of conceptual criteria. For instance, a theory of innovation would be explained in the form of a process, where research flows into development, into testing, engineering, and marketing. Processes are to a large extent structural manifestations of theories where propositions may be ordered to form a coherent theory. Underlying the managerial and organizational approaches to problem solving criteria are four methods: (1) parsimony; (2) simplicity; (3) closeness and realism; and (4) balance and equilibrium. Let us examine each criterion inclusive of its limitations and weaknesses. Methodologies Parsimony: With parsimony, the issue is to achieve economy in describing the phenomenon for the purpose of studying, modeling, and data collection. Burton and Obel have suggested, "Parsimonious explanations are a factor in determining the validity of computational models". (Burton R, and B. Obel, 1995) Parsimony becomes a problem when it contributes to capricious modeling in the quest for economy. Variables that may be factors in alternative explanations should be measured and are left outside the research design for reasons beyond the logical linkage. In the transition from theory to modeling, then to experimental design, the quest for parsimony is additive, hence sequentially and deleteriously compress the universe being investigated. (Geisler, 1999) Issues of construct validity are to be considered in non-adherence to parsimony. That is, in defense of economy and elegance it may be said that by clearly defining the phenomenon, the validity of the design increases, but at what price Largely at the expense of a more productive and comprehensive approximation to a more viable representation of the phenomenon, the result is akin to the problem of accuracy versus useful information. Parsimonious qualification of research into the managerial and organizational activities may lead to a slice of the phenomenon that is highly researchable, accurate, and elegant yet of little use as representative of the broader phenomenon. Simplicity The second methodology is the quest for simplicity. As in the case of parsimony, threats to validity are anchored in both the research desi

How The things we use make us part of this world Research Paper

How The things we use make us part of this world - Research Paper Example Consequently, anyone hardly recognizes the role played by items they utilize in enhancing the broader picture of globalization and economic advancement (Kalb, Pansters and Siebers 1). This write-up identifies the roles played by diverse persons and the integration of the global populace. Additionally, it discusses issues pertaining to oil from its source in to the pumps citizens visit daily. Fundamentally, policies adopted by different regimes following the culmination of WWII have steered globalization (Kalb, Pansters and Siebers 1). Oil Import to United States Crane, Goldthau & Toman, et al., (5) approximate that the U.S purchases 12 million units daily. The U.S consumes about 25% of the total oil produced in the world. However, it only produces 10% of the full global production. This indicates that such a fraction is considerable. The transport sector is the major consumer of oil in the U.S. Cordesman and Al-Rodhan (33) indicates that the transport sector consumes 70% of the impor ted oil. Most oil originates from Canada. However, countries like Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Venezuela and West Africa also contribute substantially to the imports. The major byproducts of crude oil are gasoline, diesel and oil. These refined fuels are massively important in the development of a good transport arrangement. Apparently, continued economic development in the established economies and the emerging countries rely on oil (Cordesman and Al-Rodhan 33). In the global stage, every entity aspires to safeguard her sources of crude oil. This has lead to the establishment of economical treaties to safeguard these strategic interests. The Social life and journey of Oil Numerous products arise from crude oil. A good illustration is gasoline. Canada is the principal source of U.S oil; the raw material for the manufacture of gasoline originates from the Alberta’s oil fields. However, the journey to obtaining gasoline starts with oil exploration. Secondly, drilling and extraction fo llows (Gorelick 206). a. â€Å"Exploration, Drilling and Extraction of Oil† (Gorelick 206). Finding deposits in inhospitable areas is exceedingly expensive and intricate. The next phase of drilling, removal and transporting to the intended market in the U.S pose major environmental, cultural and health problems. Oil companies use advance â€Å"remote sensing and satellite mapping technologies† to locate reserves (Gorelick 210). Additionally, seismic technology assists in identification of suspected reserves. According to Gorelick (210), extraction of oil impacts massively on environment than oil spillage. These impacts incorporate colossal deforestation, chemical contagion of both â€Å"land and water†, interference with animal habitats and safety risks to both industry workers and surrounding communities (Gorelick 210). The oil sector generates more effluents than other industries. Gorelick (210) describes oil as an effluent containing heavy metals like â€Å" barium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and mercury†. It also contains industrial strength materials. In some cases, the water is 100% more radioactive than nuclear plants’ discharge. Oil spillage represents a principal source of contagion. The latest illustration is the adversity witnessed in the â€Å"Gulf of Mexico† (Gorelick 210). Additionally, emissions from wells front a noteworthy environmental contamination. Several health

Bladerunner - Humanity and Nature Essay Example for Free

Bladerunner Humanity and Nature Essay The central theme of Bladerunner is the relationship between humanity and nature. More specifically it has a purpose in showing how science can negatively influence this fragile relationship. Set in Los Angeles of 2019 we see the decadence of western society into an inhumane harsh impersonal, technology-dominated realm. The inhabitants who fight for their daily survival are in desperate want for nature, contact with which is denied to them by the unrestricted scientific progress and the consequent exploitation of the natural world conducted for the sole purpose of profit. Humanity is also losing touch with its own nature. The compassion, the empathy, the love and the emotion are all rare or absent. This ailing relationship between humanity and nature is conveyed through the means of scene setting, dialogue, plot, camera techniques and other film features. All these elements of cinematography synthesise to create an effective portrayal of the unifying theme. In Bladerunner the most prominent element of cinematography is mise en scene. It generates a context for the film and therefore makes the plot and themes acceptable. To set an appropriate scene different variables need to be controlled. These variables include location, props, lighting and colour. In general the location of the plot is in the vast urban canyons of 2019 LA. The imposing dark buildings, the dirty fog, perpetual rain and the crowded dark streets devoid of vegetation make up the backdrop of most scenes. All this is filmed in dark lighting, which complements the effect produced by the fog in obscuring the living details. From this the responder acknowledges the deterioration of society, the harsh conditions that the humans are subjected to and the way the human spirit itself is progressively destroyed under such conditions. Filming such a location at night provides the director with the opportunity to use chiaroscuro (a technique of strong contrast) to further convey the dominance of technology over humanity. For example in outdoor scenes the garish flickering neons are obtrusively visible but they fail to illuminate the obscure, dark, fogged surroundings, including the multitudes of faceless people. The prominent visibility of artificial things over human presence together with the qualities of the location indicates the degradation of human life under the rule of science. The clothing worn by characters is an important choice made as part of setting the scene. Most of the street people wear hooded dark clothing covering their whole body. This is possibly to protect them from the rain but it also hides their faces and their eyes from the camera and from us, creating an impersonal atmosphere in conjunction with the harshness of the surroundings. We get a feeling that everyone hides from everyone else and human interpersonal interaction is limited to the bare necessity. Sometimes the style of clothing worn by characters tells us something about the characters themselves. For example the trenchcoat style garments worn by Deckard are a throwback to the ? 20s and ? 30s detective genre in film, and the responder instantly sees Deckard as such. There are times when the clothing worn gives us an insight into the themes of the film. When we first see meet Racheal (and we think she is a human), her outfit with geometric power dressing shape, the black hues and the perfect hair create an impression of power and efficiency, qualities that are valued in androids. The next time we meet her we see her in a fur coat and underneath, a soft white blouse. Then when she lets her hair down the transformation is complete. By now we know that she is a replicant and for a replicant to be so human is ironic when the ? real humans dont show such qualities. This irony elucidates the deteriorated nature of humanity very effectively. The film is not only able to show the way humanity has lost contact with nature but also how much they appreciate and want it back in their society. The unicorn dream-scene conveys this effectively. The soft back lighting, the low tonal contrast, the colour and the lush vegetation create a setting that is very different to the usual scenes. It is contrasted with real world to further reinforce the lack of nature in society. The short length of the scene, and the fact that the scene is only Deckards dream, conveys the elusiveness of nature and shows us that humans still ? dream of having the presence of nature back in their world-weary lives. Another method used by the cinematographers to show the want for nature is through the presence of artificial animals. While the artificiality of the animals shows the destruction of nature the way humans still keep them as pets conveys their yearning to bring back nature. The decay of human spirit is also shown through the dialogue. In Bladerunner the scarcity of the dialogue itself potrays the lack of human interaction and consequently the lack of empathy or emotion. Characters only speak when it is necessary for their own survival and comfort but not for the sake of emotional involvement. However, the replicant slaves, who supposedly feel no emotion, interact more sensitively with each other. This irony again has the effect of showing the dehumanisation suffered by this society. The absence of nature and the way society deals with this is revealed through the way they refer to nature. For example at Tyrells office Decker asks Racheal if the owl is artificial, to which she replies of course it is. A similar conversation that occurs later between Salome (Zhora) and Decker about artificial snakes, further reinforcing the sad truth. Another common literary language feature that is used in Bladerunner is symbolism. The film is filled with visual symbolic codes. The unicorn, a mythical creature, which, according to myth, is a fragile and elusive being of beauty known for its rarity. In the film it symbolises the rarity of nature and its beauty and fragility. There are other symbols that signify the elusive presence of nature in human life. One is the unnaturally weak and indistinct sun. The sun is the source of all life on earth and natures sustaining energy. The weakened presence of the sun is possibly due to the fog but the importance lies not in the cause of the weakness. The dim sun is an indication that nature is being destroyed or is already destroyed. Another symbol is the motif of the human eye. Close to the beginning of the film we are presented with an ECU of Holdens eye reflecting bursts of flame. The fiery human spirit. The motif carries on throughout the film, the close up of eyes during the Voigt-Kampff tests, Mr Chews eye shop, the glowing eyes of the owl and the gruesome death of Tyrell. In many cases we encounter human figures whose eyes are hidden. The important example is Tyrell whose eyes are hidden by the thick glasses, but this is also true for the little people or the street people. If the eyes symbolise the human spirit then it is also true that the concealment of the eyes represent the destruction of this spirit. The characters and the way they respond to events in the plot is the most significant way through which the creators of the film express their concerns about the relationship between humanity and nature. It is through the characters and the way they are influenced by the society in which they live that the audience are able to receive the majority of information about that society. To make up a character the director (Ridley Scott) has to synthesis the acting, the physical qualities of the actors, the costume, the lighting and the camera work. Harrison Ford plays Deckard; a Detective who is forced to put up in insensitive wall around him so as to carry out his job properly, but with the help of Racheal and Batty his soul comes through. The seriousness, the no-nonsense speech and the mechanical execution of his tasks all contribute to this image of a tough guy cop. It is also sad to see that he is forces hide his emotions and sentiments for the sake of survival in this harsh world. By the end of the film we sense that if Batty and Racheal had not saved him his spirit would have been lost under the pressure. Rutger Hauer has possibly the most appropriate natural qualities to play Roy Batty (robot? ). The ? Aryan look, a western cultural assumption of superiority and the Swedish accent with the concise overtones which is particularly effective in a quiet voice make him the perfect super/sub-human replicant. To enhance the effect the hair is died white, his body and face is always lit up to prominence, and almost always the image is shot from underneath making him look surrealistically handsome and at the same time imposing. However the way he responds to the events in the plot show that he has more ? humanity in him that the people who consider themselves human. The most memorable instance is they way he moaned for the death of Pris. He is not ashamed to return to the most basic instinct of openly showing emotion. This beautiful scene along with other such human responses from a replicant serves to convey the suppression of human nature in the society. Rachael is played by Sean Young as the replicant who doesnt know she is an android. The characters function is similar to that of Batty. To show the deterioration of everything ? human in the world of 2019. Her transformation itself carries the message. When she thought she was a human her conduct was much like a robot; the emotionless soulless state of mind everyone is in. But once she begins to realise that she is replicant her appearance becomes increasingly ? human. This humanisation is portrayed through the use of costumes, the use of varying light and the use of ECU. Tyrell is the other character who has an important function in conveying the themes. Genuinely lacking emotions or empathy, his main objective is the profit margin. He is part of the corporate dictatorship that has suppressed the spirit of the people and destroyed the natural world. His character is the total antitheses of Batty. The overconfidence in his intelligence, the impersonal way in which he addresses other characters, the opulent surrounding in which he lives show him as powerful tyrant. The irony is that he holds the status of God when he is not even fit to be a human. Thus through the development of characters and their response to the events of the plot, Ridley Scott and the actors communicate the way relationship between humanity and nature has evolved (deteriorated) into the world of 2019 LA. In effect all the techniques mentioned above portray a society of individuals who are weary of the world they live in. They are rejects who lead a pitiful existence in a wasteland called earth because they are not fit enough to go the out-world colonies. Suppressing their own natural instincts for the sake of physically surviving they really the walking dead. Scientific progress conducted not for the best interests of humanity but for the best interests of business has effectively brought about the progressive degradation of society. By exploiting and destroying the natural world human can no more find solace or beauty so as to recuperate their weary minds and rekindle their dying spirits. In summary the techniques that are unique to film such as camera, lighting, costuming, colour and location works in conjunction with common literary techniques such as visual symbolism, irony and characterisation to effectively convey the relationship between humanity and nature.

Essay --

Virat Kohli was captain of team India at the 2008 Under 19 Cricket World Cup which was held in Malaysia and India Won that World Cup. He did several tactical bowling changes during the tournament. His mother noted that "Virat changed a bit after that day. He became a much more matured and responsible person. From that time he took every match very seriously. It's as if his life changed totally on cricket after that day. Virat Kohli did his repuation no harm when he led India to victory in the 2008 Under-19 World Cup . His performance in the World Cup led to a surprise call-up to the ODI team a few months after the tournament. Virat Kohli credits Mahendra Singh Dhoni for his success as captain.Under Virat Kohli's captaincy, India recorded their first-ever five-match ODI series whitewash on foreign soil after they thrashed Zimbabwe by seven wickets in the final match at Bulawayo. Virat Kohli is a mixture of Both MS Dhoni and Sourav Ganguly (known as Dada) because Kohli is a great leader as well as aggressive. Kohli has endorsements with PepsiCo , Nike , TVS Motors , Fastrack (from Titan) , Royal Challenge , Sangam Suitings , Fair and Lovely , Boost , Toyota Motors , Celkon Mobiles , Cinthol (from Godrej) , Munch (from Nestle) , etc. Virat Kohli set to beat Dhoni and Tendulkar in endorsement earnings. He has signed a Rs.10 crore per year deal with Adidas. KEYWORDS- Young Talent, Inspirational, Aggressive, Motivator, Great Leader PERSONAL LIFE AND BACKGROUND Virat Kohli was born on 5 November 1988 in Delhi to Prem Kohli (father) and Saroj Kohli (mother). He has an elder brother, Vikash and an elder sister, Bhavna. Kohli did his schooling from Vishal Bharti & Savier Convent. His father, Prem, was a lawyer and he passedaway in De... ...s , which is ideal for a lot of brands today. Kohli’s looks are also very attractive , because of that more endorsements he will get and soon will break the record. CONCLUSION- From this Case Study it is concluded that Virat Kohli is one of the finest player of International Cricket. He inspired and motivated Indian Youth from his talent. Many companies endorsed Virat Kohli because of his talent. When Virat Kohli lead team India as Captain , India recorded their first-ever five-match ODI series whitewash outside India after they thrashed Zimbabwe by seven wickets in the final match at their ground and he gave credit to Dhoni for success as a captain. He has achieved many records and signed many brand endorsements like PepsiCo , Nike , Boost , Fair and Lovely , Cinthol , etc. A deal signed between Virat Kohli and Adidas of Rs.10 crore per year. Essay -- Virat Kohli was captain of team India at the 2008 Under 19 Cricket World Cup which was held in Malaysia and India Won that World Cup. He did several tactical bowling changes during the tournament. His mother noted that "Virat changed a bit after that day. He became a much more matured and responsible person. From that time he took every match very seriously. It's as if his life changed totally on cricket after that day. Virat Kohli did his repuation no harm when he led India to victory in the 2008 Under-19 World Cup . His performance in the World Cup led to a surprise call-up to the ODI team a few months after the tournament. Virat Kohli credits Mahendra Singh Dhoni for his success as captain.Under Virat Kohli's captaincy, India recorded their first-ever five-match ODI series whitewash on foreign soil after they thrashed Zimbabwe by seven wickets in the final match at Bulawayo. Virat Kohli is a mixture of Both MS Dhoni and Sourav Ganguly (known as Dada) because Kohli is a great leader as well as aggressive. Kohli has endorsements with PepsiCo , Nike , TVS Motors , Fastrack (from Titan) , Royal Challenge , Sangam Suitings , Fair and Lovely , Boost , Toyota Motors , Celkon Mobiles , Cinthol (from Godrej) , Munch (from Nestle) , etc. Virat Kohli set to beat Dhoni and Tendulkar in endorsement earnings. He has signed a Rs.10 crore per year deal with Adidas. KEYWORDS- Young Talent, Inspirational, Aggressive, Motivator, Great Leader PERSONAL LIFE AND BACKGROUND Virat Kohli was born on 5 November 1988 in Delhi to Prem Kohli (father) and Saroj Kohli (mother). He has an elder brother, Vikash and an elder sister, Bhavna. Kohli did his schooling from Vishal Bharti & Savier Convent. His father, Prem, was a lawyer and he passedaway in De... ...s , which is ideal for a lot of brands today. Kohli’s looks are also very attractive , because of that more endorsements he will get and soon will break the record. CONCLUSION- From this Case Study it is concluded that Virat Kohli is one of the finest player of International Cricket. He inspired and motivated Indian Youth from his talent. Many companies endorsed Virat Kohli because of his talent. When Virat Kohli lead team India as Captain , India recorded their first-ever five-match ODI series whitewash outside India after they thrashed Zimbabwe by seven wickets in the final match at their ground and he gave credit to Dhoni for success as a captain. He has achieved many records and signed many brand endorsements like PepsiCo , Nike , Boost , Fair and Lovely , Cinthol , etc. A deal signed between Virat Kohli and Adidas of Rs.10 crore per year.

The Pride of Being a Woman

The Pride of Being a Woman Before WW1 in Canada, women were discriminated against, and were not considered being â€Å"persons. † However during the war while men were off fighting, women were given the opportunity to occupy many jobs, at which they found their sense of independence and pride. After WW1, women realized that they were just as strong as men and deserved to have equal right just as they did. Women decided to fight for their rights, and improve the roles of woman in Canada forever. For example, women moved away from being known as housewives, and joined the work force. Women struggled to be considered equal to men, however through the efforts of the suffrage movement, women earned the right to vote, decreased spousal abuse through prohibition, as well changed the working roles and professions of women. Women fought for the right to vote in order to have their voices and opinions heard, so that they would be regarded as â€Å"persons† and be able to make improvements in Canada. Disenfranchisement became unacceptable to women. From the year 1791 and for the next hundred years, men were the only ones allowed to vote, and hold political office However, this view changed in the midst of the 19th century, when women’s organizations began wanting improvements for the society’s needs and better working conditions for women working in factories. The suffrage movement began in the 1890’s in western Canada where one of the many organizations concerning suffrage was created, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union , which was one of the many organizations and suffrage groups that initiated meetings, presentations, and demonstrations , and also sent petitions to the government concerning the woman’s right to vote. The WCTU was an organization that empowered woman to voice their concerns to the government. In 1911, a woman named Nellie McClung made a difference in speeding up the process of getting women the right to vote by arriving in Winnipeg and who spoke at over 400 public meetings concerning suffrage. McClung was known as the leading suffragette. In 1912, Nellie McClung helped organized an organization that would increase the number of supporters, called the the Political Equity League. Many men, including ones who were politicians, became in favor of granting women the right to vote. In 1916, Manitoba passed a law that would grant women enfranchisement, and was soon followed by other provinces. However, this ight only applied to provincial elections, not federal elections. Finally in 1918, the Women’s Franchise Law allowed women who were over the age of 21 to vote in federal elections. Women had won, for in 1919 women were also granted the right to hold political office in parliament, where in 1921 Agnes Macphail was the first woman to be elected as a federal member. By b eing granted the right to vote, women were able to express their concerns of poverty, social reforms, alcohol abuse, and much more. Nellie McClung was a strong woman who helped empower the suffrage movement in granting woman the right to vote and be considered persons. Without fighting for the right to vote, woman would never have been able to make changes in Canada, as well as the rest of the world. Women believed that the source of their husband’s abuse was alcohol, and to decrease the amount of abuse inflicted upon wives, women began pressuring governments into passing prohibition laws. Women believed that fathers and husbands would spend their pay cheques on alcohol and beer after work, rather than bringing the money home to support their families. Furthermore, when men came home drunk, they had the tendency to beat their wives and children. In order to campaign prohibition, many women joined the Women’s Christian Temperance Union in the 1920s that fought for the rights of women. Temperance movements blamed the consumption of alcohol for many of society’s downturns, especially crime and murder By the beginning of the 20th century, women had fought for, and succeeded in having prohibition laws passed in nearly every province. Women and politicians believed that prohibition laws should be enforced because the grain from alcohol could be used to feed people, and money spent on alcohol could be used to feed families. Improvements were made in Canada with the illegalization of the consumption and manufacturing of alcohol; crime rates dropped, arrest for drunkenness decreased, workers took pay cheques homes, and industrial efficiency improved. By women campaigning prohibition in order to have their concerns and opinions heard, they made a difference in Canada by decreasing crime rates, and making people realize what alcohol can do to a person’s behaviour, and how it can endanger others. Before WW1, a woman’s main role was as a housewife, however during the war women joined the labour force and occupied many jobs as secretaries, clerks, and typists that were not conceivable to the public before the war. After the war, women decided that it was time to join the work force, and gain independence. Women viewed themselves as spending their lives taking care of the home, having babies, and obeying their husbands. Nevertheless, women began to move away from this attitude by 1911 where they began focusing on their careers and education. By 1917 there were 35 000 women employed in Ontario and Montreal. Women were paid less than men for completing the same amount of work, as well many women were laid off following the war, yet by the 1920’s women re-established their war time involvement. Women found their sense of independence, and began occupying jobs in the fields of library work, teaching, social work, and clerical. Women began realizing how important the right of having an education was, so women began entering universities and by 1930, 23% of undergraduates and 35% of all graduates were students who were female. The Great Depression showed women many struggles, by launching them back into the domestic service, and having them be laid off more than men. With the help of 21 Women’s organizations, a National Selective Service worked to have women recruited back into the industrial labor force. Governments had troubles recruiting women with children, or married women into the labor force. However, by 1942, 33. 2% of all women were employed in Canada. Women worked hard to have the attitude of being known as housewives changed. By the way women persevered in having an education and finding better employment, they gained respect and independence. They occupied jobs that were initially viewed as being a man’s â€Å"duties†. When women were given the opportunity, they found it within themselves to fight for justice and rights among all women, which ended up changing the future of Canada’s next generations of girls and women alike. Though women struggled to be viewed as equal to men, through the suffrage movement and fighting for the right to vote, prohibition, and getting women into the labor force, women achieved the rights and freedoms that they deserved. In present years, women have the right to vote in elections, and are able to have an education, and occupy a multitude of different professions, such as teachers, secretaries, and doctors. Because of prohibition, women have found the courage to stand up to their abusive husbands. Canada has improved as a country because of women like Nellie McClung, who were not afraid to fright for, and make improvements, and changes in Canada. If women in the 1920s did not fight for these rights and stand up for what they believe in, women in the twenty first century would not have the rights and freedoms that they do now.

Poetic Reflections on Mortality and Ephemerality Essay

Have you ever hypothetically pondered the details of your own fatality? Everyone covets a bit of certainty that not many realities allow, but mortality -while a glum concept- is a definite fate we will all ultimately encounter in our respective lifetimes. â€Å"Nothing is more predictable than death. Each of us will die without any need to take adventuresome risks. † (Kelly, 1986). This is likely the reason prolific poets Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost have created quite similar themed poems using dissimilar imaginative slants in which they optimistically convey the topic of human transience. Death is a disheartening, tragic matter that not very many individuals readily wish to discuss. Because ephemerality is, however, an extremely ordinary notion to countless expressive artists, it is vital to notice the literary elements these renowned authors applied which set such works apart from less potent pieces. The symbolism, tone, assonance, rhythm, and other literary techniques behind the elegies â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† (Frost, 1969) and â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† (Dickinson, 1893) fervently beg for further exploration. No matter which approach authors apply to such deviations, one truth remains; the amount of life contained in the works by Frost and Dickinson is somewhat ironic to say the least. If you envision the scenery described in literary pieces you read as if you are a participating, fictional character, you exceptionally possess â€Å"The human power that shapes artistic expression†¦ † (Clugston, 2010 a). Put in simpler terms, you clearly have a vivid imagination! Prodigious writers can and will effortlessly incorporate such imagery into their work by imploring the implicit values of society and culture(s). Nothing Gold Can Stay† by Robert Frost (1969) is unquestionably far from the exception as he connects the way leaves grow, change, and die to our eventual demise with ease. Frost wrote, â€Å"Nature’s first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. † (Frost, 1969). With the introduction of this allusive writing technique, he develops a clear yet slightly ambiguous mental picture for his readers to envisage. Of course, we know nature is not a person nor does have hands in which it could literally grasp a color. Hence, the meaning of Robert’s words is symbolic and figurative. Sure, Mr. Frost could very well have written something resembling â€Å"Beings age like leaves change colors. † Instead, this brilliant poet was aware of the fact that generating embodiment versus the aforementioned simile delivers the most enticing reading experience to the audience. In â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† (Dickinson, 1893), the author similarly dishes out a full serving of powerful metaphors making this another comparable aspect to personification found in Frosts’ poem. At the very beginning, Emily Dickinson refers to unescapable, human cessation as a chivalrous gentleman when she states, â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death, He kindly stopped for me;† (Dickinson, 1893). The author is actually being extremely facetious as a deliberate, artistic maneuver in order to give life to the darkest of subjects. She selects to represent passing away in a more graceful process. It is a steady flowing motif continuing throughout the body of this work to form a concise, elucidating theme. From centuries beyond the grave, the narrator describes the peaceful process of her passing, in which Death is personified and escorts her in his carriage. During the leisurely ride, she passes many ordinary sights: a school house, fields–but finally realizes that the ride will last for all eternity. † (Chen & Aull, 1993). Dickinson’s apparent intention in this poem is depiction via exemplification. Her language is a quintessential representation of an allegory with more thought provocation than verity. Again, readers should prepare themselves to observe a nonliteral or rhetorical scenario and focus on ascertaining the seriousness hidden behind a much more abstract meaning. Symbolism is another conceptualized, literary element featured in both stories despite being more prevalent in â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† (Frost, 1969). Frost used the typical colors of nature (green and gold) imply symbols of spring, that progress as the remaining cycles of nature seasonally occur. Furthermore, he hints at a deeper meaning behind death— a period of transformational change. In order to appreciate this impression, â€Å"Recall Socrates’s argument: ‘the state of death is one of two things: either the dead man wholly ceases to be and loses all consciousness or, as we are told, it is change and a migration of the soul to another place’. † (Deppman, 2000). He picked the color gold to symbolize the fragility and eventual insignificance of even our most valuable physical and emotional possessions. By his statement, â€Å"Then leaf subsides to leaf, So, Eden sank to grief. † (Frost, 1969), Frost selects to demonstrate the sorrow felt after loss of life as well as depicting an analogous allusion to the biblical Creation story. Whereas in â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† (1893), Emily Dickinson poses a more unconventional attitude toward her own demise. In lines five through eight, she writes, â€Å"We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put away, My labor, and my leisure too, For his civility. † (Dickinson, 1893). When the speaker refers to ‘his’ â€Å"kindness† and â€Å"civility†, she is articulating death as a slow, patient, and compassionate. â€Å"She progresses from childhood, maturity (the â€Å"gazing grain† is ripe) and the setting (dying) sun to her grave. The children are presented as active in their leisure (â€Å"strove†). The images of children and grain suggest futurity, that is, they have a future; they also depict the progress of human life. † (Unknown Author, 2009). Thus, the carriage ride actually symbolizes the act of abandoning her life and the memories it contained. She humbly revers death as the calm, quiet finally of incarnation. Dickinson even insinuated the harsh reality of visiting of her own grave when she wrote, â€Å"We paused before a house that seemed, A swelling of the ground; The roof was scarcely visible, The cornice but a mound. (Dickinson, 1893). Aging to the point of loss of life does remain the central theme inside both poems, but representations are a tad more distinct in Frosts’ than in Dickinson’s symbolic approach. Have you ever witnessed one’s mood shift completely? Authors generally try to maintain the same theme throughout one work. It is equally as important to dis cern the how the author’s tones contribute to the clarity of each piece. Sometimes, whether done by the author accidentally or with intent, we observe a change in the mood(s) of a motif. While Emily Dickinson and Robert Frost mutually demonstrate the qualities of human temporariness, their tones are also diverse. By writing, â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† (Frost, 1969), the permanent state of leaving this world is denoted in a matter of fact way. Frost does not truly elude to his personal outlook on an afterlife, but focuses more on the cycle of life itself. Dickinson not only utilizes the same facet, but also takes it a step further when she states, â€Å"Since then ’tis centuries, and yet each, Feels shorter than the day I first surmised the horses’ heads, Were toward eternity. (Dickinson, 1893). She began her countenance with succinct tenor that later becomes a bit clouded. Dickinson’s audience receives a definite resolve rather than experiencing the need to imply ideals she holds about her faith. Each of these poems is incredibly whimsical, but Frost concisely manipulates the setting of nature giving his work the currency of application to any period in time. Sound patterns are another inspired technique both composers have exposed us to in the intricacy of their work. We automatically follow the rhythm these superb authors display. For instance, Frost uses alliteration in â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† when he writes, â€Å"So dawn goes down to day. † (Frost, 1969). The repetition of words that begin with a â€Å"d† is a strategy meant to make the thought stronger and more emphatic for readers. His rhyme scheme is comprised of modest, consonant couplets (non-alternating). Dickinson actually used the complete opposite effect. In her poem â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† (Dickinson, 1893), she integrated the repetition of vowel sounds by presenting an alternating pattern of words known as assonance. Again, an example is unmistakable in the lines, â€Å"We slowly drove, he knew no haste, And I had put away, My labor, and my leisure too, For his civility. † (Dickinson, 1893) and more specifically the poetic harmony of the words â€Å"away† and â€Å"civility. † With the rhythm in this poem, there is rhyme, but it has a much greater reliance on pronunciation. She may have started a trend in literature as, â€Å"Assonance is frequently substituted for end rhymes in modern poetry. † (Clugston, 2010 b). The authoring style Frost exercised was extra simplistic, yet multidimensional as well. Is it not an astounding conception to think of the distinguished artistry that must have went into two ostensibly austere compositions about the matching theme of impermanence? The fact that we cannot artlessly disregard the scholarly adeptness and literate gifts of Dickinson and Frost is surpasses distinction. Even more significant than the expiry themes both versifiers applied is the presence of underlying secondary themes. Frost hints life as being â€Å"golden,† leading one to surmise he is ‘saying’ to â€Å"Carpe Diem† or â€Å"Enjoy the day. (Online Etymology Dictionary, 2010). Therein, he selects to show life has precious intrinsic worth. Even though there are purity and a biblical reference in Frost’s â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† (1969), his nature theme additionally highlights environmental/scientific characteristics. Syntax expended by Dickinson in â€Å"Because I could not stop for death† (Dickinson, 1893), in fact, alludes to a compassion and sympathy being felt for the persona. A prime example is her statement, â€Å"The carriage held but just ourselves, And Immortality. † (Dickinson, 1893). If the dramatic concentration of this author was to deliver a graceful reflection on her evolution, she was unequivocally efficacious. Some find it helpful to get an outsider’s opinion of the depressing conversational topic of human immortality. While our passing lingers as a fully common subject for individuals to contemplate spiritual principles, authors have written pieces that include a plethora of other beneficial notions worth uncovering. â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† (Dickinson, 1893) is exquisitely illustrated by Emily Dickinson and venerated as an allegoric requiem with assonance that produced solid imagery. Likewise, Robert Frost impeccably regulated â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† (Frost, 1969) to communicate symbolism with a classic form of consonance that is painless to identify. Both literature icons fine-tuned those components with figures of speech, personification, and tone and themes, rhyme schemes, and other literary techniques all requiring immense, prior critical thought in â€Å"Nothing Gold Can Stay† (Frost, 1969) and â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† (Dickinson, 1893). They expel an aura of chirpiness that renders as a refreshing and unique outlook encompassed in positivity. These poetic mavens wanted their audience(s) to derive a deeper message about making the most of our lives. Two notorious, inspirational pieces of literature are calling upon us to take some risks and make an impression before we take our last breathe.