Spanish and English Colonies essays

Spanish and English Colonies papers The Spanish government didn't frame effective states in the New World as a result of their tenacious want to change over Native Americans to Christianity and their vain chase for gold and wealth. Numerous adventurers from Spain left to the New World explicitly to discover gold and become rich. They looted and took from the Native Americans and assaulted numerous ladies local to the land. Presumably much all the more angering to the Indians was the firm need to change over them to Christianity. Since forever, religion has been the one untouchable that has caused a larger number of wars and despise than some other policy centered issue. The Spanish saw no motivation to shape collusions; in actuality, they rewarded the Native Americans harshly and merciless. The Spanish oppressed all the Indians and constrained them to do all the physical work that the pilgrims would not like to do. After Columbus and his group mined out a lot of gold from Central and Southern America, their long for wealth developed very. They immediately set all Indians to work and ate all their food. Numerous Native Americans passed on of fatigue and sickness. Without any Indians to deal with crops, the food flexibly turned out to be scant. This constrained numerous homesteaders to kick the bucket and clear the New World. The Spanish settlers didn't invest enough energy in the New World so as to comprehend the biological system and in this way structure a profitable state. Despite the fact that there were a few different undertakings after Columbus, every one of them finished likewise or were worked in the equivalent remorseless way. English investigation of the New World was worked unmistakably from how the Spanish colonization worked. They worked more earnestly and sent commendable commanders to work the colonization endeavors that were occurring. The best model would be Captain John Smith. Britains insightful choice of naming him administrator helped in the endurance of the settlement. At the point when the settlers were about starving ... <!

The Prince Essay Example For Students

The Prince Essay Conceived in Florence on May 3, 1469, Machiavelli entered taxpayer driven organization as a representative and rose to noticeable quality when the Florentine Republic was declared in 1498. Machiavelli was an upstanding man, a productive member of society, and a decent dad. He was not using any and all means a devoted spouse however lived in loving amicability with his better half, Marietta Corsini (whom he had hitched in the last piece of 1501), and had five kids by her. He cherished his local city more than his own spirit, and he was liberal, passionate, and essentially strict. He was secretary of the ten-man committee that led the discretionary exchanges and directed the military activities of the republic, and his obligations included missions to the French ruler (1504, 1510-11), the Holy See (1506), and the German head (1507-8). We will compose a custom paper on The Prince explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Throughout his strategic missions inside Italy he got familiar with a large number of the Italian rulers and had the option to contemplate their political strategies, especially those of the minister and officer Cesare Borgia, who was around then occupied with augmenting his possessions in focal Italy. From 1503 to 1506 Machiavelli revamped the military resistance of the republic of Florence. Albeit hired fighter armed forces were regular during this period, he liked to depend on the enrollment of local soldiers to guarantee a changeless and energetic barrier of the federation. In 1512, when the Medici, a Florentine family, recaptured power in Florence and the republic was broken up, he was denied of office and quickly detained for supposed connivance against them. After his discharge he resigned to his bequest close to Florence, where he composed his most significant works. Regardless of his endeavors to pick up favor with the Medici rulers, he was never reestablished to his conspicuous government position. At the point when the republic was briefly reestablished in 1527, he was associated by numerous republicans with genius Medici leanings. Machiavellis technique included the experimental perception of human instinct and conduct, which he accepted to be invariable. His profound emotions about the debasement and defilement of Italy at his time drove him to place his expectation into the challenging and the savagery of an extraordinary man who might practice power mercilessly however with judiciousness. Force, Machiavelli obviously accepted, legitimized the state, if judiciously applied, by a man ready to control the individuals and utilize the military for his own motivations. As he continued looking for another ruler and another rule of arrangement he realized that he was opening a street so far untrodden by man. The street prompted without a doubt the sovereign state. Machiavellianism, as a term, has been utilized to depict the standards of intensity governmental issues, and the sort of individual who utilizes those standards in political or individual life is every now and again portrayed as a Machiavellian.Out of a craving to stun his counterparts, Machiavelli got a kick out of the chance to show up more devilish than he was. This, along with certain unpolished adages in his works, gave him a notoriety for unethical behavior. The sayings turned into an objective for assaults by the Catholic Counter-Reformation; and the word Machiavellianism was begat as a term of abuse by the French, out of scorn for everything Italian. He was a substitute since he was an incredible man and in light of the fact that he was sad. Machiavellis term umanita (mankind) implies more than consideration; it is an immediate interpretation of the Latin humanitas. Machiavelli suggests that he imparted to the people of yore a sovereign shrewdness of human undertakings. He likewise portrays that hypothesis of perusing as a functioning and even forceful interest that was regular among humanists. Having a book and understanding its words were insufficient; systematic capacity and a scrutinizing disposition were vital before a peruser could genuinely enter the chambers of the incredible. These committees, besides, were not simply genuine and praising; they held mysteries accessible just to the sharp, privileged insights the information on which could change life from a disorganized randomness into a significantly brave encounter. Old style thought offered knowledge into the core of things. Likewise, the works of art recommended strategies by which, when known, human reality could be changed from a mishap of history into an antique of will. .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 , .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 .postImageUrl , .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 , .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43:hover , .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43:visited , .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43:active { border:0!important; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43:active , .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content beautification: underline; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ubf0e21e785b6e 13d55c674fe1e176f43 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ubf0e21e785b6e13d55c674fe1e176f43:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Who truly was Pocahontas? Was she like the Indian Essay Antiquity was wealthy in models, genuine or idyllic, of epic activity, successful persuasiveness, and applied comprehension. Deliberately considered and very much utilized, traditional talk

Theres antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium

There’s antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium… Whew! I ran back from my field hockey game today (we won, 3-1! ya!) just in time to help the 213 suite put together a study break. Every Thursday, some group of people on the floor puts together a late night snack for everyone to enjoy while, as the name implies, breaking from their studies. Since we hadnt actually planned anything, we just ran to LaVerdes (the convenience store in the student center) and bought brownie mix and ice cream. It was all quite delicious, even if a certain member of the 224 suite complained that we stole one of their ideas. =P Ive been hanging out in the floor lounge since then, trying to do some programming for 6.081. But Im tired and confused (why is d+=1 legal normally but not when it comes right after the else command?) so Im not really making progress. Instead, Im having more fun observing the other activity going on in the floor lounge One of the requirements of 3.091 (one of the freshmen chemistry options) is that the students memorize the contents of the periodic table for a quiz. This basically means that everyone crams the information into their brains just before the quiz and then promptly forgets it all. A couple of freshmen were in the process of said cramming when Diana 08 and Adelaide 09 decided to try to fill out the entire table from memoryyou know, for fun. So between my halfhearted attempts at trying to figure out my syntax errors, Ive been shouting out radium is more reactive than that! or Hey you forgot manganese! Its honestly a rather pleasant way to spend an evening. Said the MIT student. Seriously, this is what we do for kicks. If you think thats lame, MIT is not for you. =P Now that Ive actually been to classes, I can share them with you! Yay! 2.001: Things are static. ? £Fx=0. ? £Fy=0. ? £M=0. The end. 2.003: Things move. The end. 6.081: Things do what you tell them to if you can figure out how to do it without making them mad. Usually. 21M.600: Things (i.e. students) act like trees that die in the winter and are born again in the spring. its weird. So that was whimsical and vague. Im tired, leave me alone. Ill write more insightful descriptions later. Ask me questions. Your previous questions will be answered in my next entry, when I dont feel like Im about to fall asleep any second. Good night!

Assessment Cypop30 Essay - 4419 Words

Assessment CYPOP30: Support the creativity of children and young people and understand how creativity promotes well being for children and young people 1.1 Explain evidence, approaches and theories about the benefits of creativity for the well-being of children and young people. B.F.Skinner; B.F. Skinner, born on March 20th 1904, was an American behavioural psychologist who carried who carried out many experiments based on how behaviour is shaped and that all humans will regurgitate the things they enjoy doing and avoid those they dislike. He understood that creative people will be rewarded positively in order for that person to take an interest in that particular activity and develop further. He based his theories on self-observation,†¦show more content†¦This way the children will learn there is a reason to tidy up after themselves, instead of just tiding up because they know they will be rewarded, eventually tidying up will become part of the children’s routine. â€Å"Skinner emphasized reward. He believed that punishment was counter-productive. He broke tasks down into small steps, each step reinforced and rewarded as it was learned. Although Skinner’s experiments were generally carried out on animals, his work became widely applied to child development and to work with parents.† (How Children Learn, John Holt, p.43). â€Å"Working with parents† means that teachers will work with parents to continue reinforcement at home, for example when a child comes home with a sticker, the parents will be encouraged by the teachers to ask why the child has a sticker, so that the child can develop and understand that they have been good or realise that they have done something well. In my setting we carry out observations and Individual Learning Plans, so that the child, parents and teachers can see the areas of development that the child accomplishes and use positive reinforcement to further develop areas that the child may be lacked in. As an early years practitioner trainee assistant I would support a child’s development in

Essay Samples Gre Can Be Fun for Everyone

Essay Samples Gre Can Be Fun for Everyone The 30-Second Trick for Essay Samples Gre There are lots of samples on the internet you may search to find the help you will need. Today several such on-line sites are available which are ready to aid students with any sort of difficult essay topics within any time given. It's also important to make certain you do the tests around the time you will be giving the GRE, in order for your body and mind are all set to be alert 8am, 10am, or whatever slot you're going to be booking. The great thing about a test like the GREs is that the normal test-taker will normally will need to concentrate more on a single section rather than both. The very first facet of the essay we'll analyze is the way that it succeeds in identifying and examining the sections of the argument that are related to the job. Frequently you will begin an essay with a single idea for your thesis statement, but as you write you find your essay focuses on another argument, or you refine and further clarify your initial statement. The thesis should state what you mean to prove and give an overview of the evidence you want to utilize in your essay. In evaluation essays, it should argue the value or lack of value of your particular topic based on the criteria you will later establish. Top Choices of Essay Samples Gre A lot of people make the error of first attempting to complete GRE preparation, then book the date when they're confident. Whether the undertaking is easy or difficult is a question that could be answered only when it's undertaken. If you do well, there's added anxiety in knowing that each question is currently supposed to be harder than before. 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Be certain that your recommender has a crystal clear understanding in which you see your career progressing. There's no need to worry concerning the caliber of the assimilation essay, as one of the greatest writers of the industry write it. If you're rushing, you get a tough time to write and if you aren't ready and gather enough info, you can't complete writing your essay that's why it's suggested to start early as much a s possible. You can take a look at a good deal of example essays, but bear in mind that you ought to spend much time in preparing for the GRE writing. A career essay describes your objectives, reveals your nature and projects an awareness of purpose. Professional writers are well trained and have a great deal of experience so can come up with a few of the greatest work. No matter your plans after, being a superior writer and crystal clear thinker will provide you with a leg up your competition. The one thing I learned was how to select the GRE. There's a frequent tendency among the applicants to display their GRE vocabulary whilst writing SOP. Argument Essay Drill There isn't any such thing as a fantastic GRE score or a terrible GRE score. There are not many full-length mock tests that, to a huge extent mimic the true GRE, which means you won't need to waste them. The Argument About Essay Samples Gre Therefore, if you're on the lookout for assistance in writing a resume, you might want to start looking into using an internet or downloadable resume builder. There are a lot of ways to choose the very best online writing company. Usually providing assistance by means of a wizard, you're asked questions about your career and background that will help you create a resume specific to your area. The GRE is also crucial for relevant work experience in company and exceptional recommendation in regards to serving the area of business. Financial aid is completely available, but it needs a considerable quantity of planning and hard work. The Analytical Writing section requires you to supply focused responses dependent on the tasks presented, which means you can accurately demonstrate your skill in directly responding to a job. Knowing the significance of assignment, students must decide on the proper service provider. You have the opportunity of scoring highly if it's written as a class assignment or maybe to win the scholarship of your choice if you'r e writing the essay for a requirement in scholarship application practice. Whilst a student, you've got to provide your level best in every section. You may also have a look at some college application essay samples that will help you. Over the past couple of decades it is now clear that lots of students are applying for gre waivers and while each have a right to articulate a number of the reasons why they're applying for the waiver, the majority of the time not a lot of student get the waiver approved. The New York Times, The New Yorker won't only give you interesting new words but in addition offer you practice of reading the excerpts you're going to face in RC difficulties. Review what you've been requested to address in your essay. Make sure you essay is connected to politics culture or education. A very clear strategy is essential to writing a thriving persuasive essay. There's also a practice quiz. Essay The best teacher is experience.

Measure for Measure Free Essays

The Following dialogue is spoken by Duke Vicentio in Shakespeare’s ‘Measure for Measure’, Act 3, scene 1. Duke Vicentio makes Lord Angelo the leader of Vienna temporarily and pretends to leave but instead dresses as a friar to observe the goings in his absence. Angelo is strict, moralistic, and unwavering in his decision-making; he decides that there is too much freedom in Vienna and takes it upon himself to rid the city of brothels and unlawful sexual activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Measure for Measure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Claudio is arrested for impregnating Juliet, his lover, before they were married. Claudio is sentenced to death in order to serve as an example to the other Viennese citizens. Vienna already has strict rules against these unlawful activities. But the rules were not being followed strictly. It is true that whoever enforces these rules will obviously become unpopular with the public. Hence the Duke cleverly arranges Angelo to do this enforcement. Hence he tells Friar Thomas, ‘We have strict statutes and most biting laws. The needful bits and curbs to headstrong weeds,  Which for this nineteen years we have let slip;’ He refer to ‘o’ergrown lion in a cave’ which is actually a reference to himself. The words like ‘lion’, ‘prey’ are significant here as they denote the extreme measure the Duke has in his mind. The punishment given by Angelo is already in the mind of the Duke. But fearing unpopularity he makes the latter the scapegoat and achieves his objective. The Duke refers to ‘terror’, which is a little more that what Angelo is capable of. In the following passage,   Ã¢â‚¬ËœFor terror, not to use, in time the rod Becomes more mock’d than fear’d; so our decrees, Dead to infliction, to themselves are dead; And liberty plucks justice by the nose; the baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart Goes all decorum’, one can understand that the Duke has accessed his town’s situation thoroughly. In spite of knowing all this, what would have made the Duke pretend to leave Vienna under the care of Angelo in the first place? The next question would be why Angelo. This particular passage answers these questions. The Duke is a clever man who knows his moves precisely. He uses Angelo because he is strict and a Moralist. He has judged Angelo’s credential well enough to know that this man would bring havoc by over stressing on following the rules. The Duke expected an uproar in the town and in the opportune moment he would come and release those in Angelo’s captivation. This way the Duke plans to enforce the rule   and at the same time not get into the bad books of his subject. As per his plan everything turned out well and he gained popularity by releasing Claudio. He also utilized the women to heighten the seriousness of the situation. The passage is also significant in showing the intensity of feeling of the Duke about Justice prevailing in his town. It is an indication that he may take to deception or any other means to make Justice prevail. This passage forms the essence of the attitude of the Duke. How to cite Measure for Measure, Essay examples

The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte Essay Example

The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte Paper First, how did Napoleon rise up and embrace his conquering persona? Second, how did Napoleons greatest flaws lead him to crash and burn towards the end of his life, but what does a great leader truly consist of? The definition of a good leader can go on and on, but there were specific details that made Napoleon rise as a conqueror, and also things that led to his inevitable downfall. In his life, Napoleon proved that he was not a person to be made an enemy of. There are many qualities that Napoleon held that made him the leader we know from history books. Many people argue that Napoleons quality as a commander led him to both his success and his downfall. Early in Napoleon! Career, he gained trust and support from many people by showing that he was for the people. Bonaparte made a display of republican virtues; cautiously avoiding all ostentation, and in this respect, put himself on a footing of perfect quality with persons of ordinary standards in society. 1 Napoleon created a reputation for himself and gained support of the pope. Smart man like Bonaparte knew that he needed to have the support of the people. In his career, whether it was just a normal citizen, or a soldier, Napoleon had a way with his words to gain supporters. Bonaparte played HTH ole of what politicians do today, which is to say what the people want to hear. For example, Napoleon preached about equality and liberty constantly so the hopes of the people and soldiers are constantly renewed. 2 Some people even thought of him as a military genius. 3 He made smart and spontaneous decisions on a battlefield. In addition, Napoleon also was adept at organizing and rounding up his troops. We will write a custom essay sample on The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The rise and fall of Napoleon Bonaparte specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He built moral for his troops by constantly encouraging them, and gave the soldiers medals as a positive reinforcement for their work. He proposed that a medal should be given to IM, with a sum of money, and in his honor he established a prize of sixty thousand francs, to be awarded to anyone who should make a discovery. 4 This example shows that Bonaparte not only gave medals to his soldiers, but also gifts of francs. Besides the anticipation of rewards, his charisma made him a leader people could willingly follow. These are one of the successful traits Napoleon had that led him to become a leader that was admired. He was well respected, because he constantly rewarded people for hard work, and he constantly raised people up. This is what a good successful leader olds on to. One Napoleonic scholar calculated that Napoleon had only lost out of 34 battles between 1792 and 181 5, during which he became a very powerful man. Carl von Casualties even hailed Napoleon as, the God of War. 5 With a record of accomplishment that fearsome, it is easy to see why many people were afraid of Napoleon, other than the sheer size of his army. With that name, Napoleon became well known and feared among the nation in Europe. Whenever a battle would break out, Napoleon would focus not on conquering the land, but on how to destroy the opposing army. There are n. Recipe or definite rules, Napoleon also stated, the art of war is simple, everything is a matter of execution. 6 Napoleon always had a clear goal, he believed that good timing and improvisation was all that was necessary. In this nature, Napoleon was successful. He always led in smart tactical ways, but also made adjustments according to what was best. Some people even might say he was more lucky than clever, but many of Napoleons battles were won by planning, but more importantly smart improvising. Napoleon made decisions based off of what he thought was best, he excelled at peopling his resources, using a keen understanding of terrain to slowly take key areas. 8 This was until later in his life, when he lost some Of his sharpen* as he became increasingly obsessed with conquering Europe, and with many years of war under his belt, his body could only take on so much. While in power, Napoleon established himself as a skilled as legislator and diplomat, study of these achievements could rival those of his campaigns for size and depth, but it is seen that his talents were deeply flawed and even fervent supporters admit that Napoleon made mistakes. G During the 1 sass, Napoleon was established as the First Consul, he was a dictator with a constitution written protecting his power. Without an extraordinary capacity for work, no man could have done this. Napoleon would work until eleven oclock at night, and be up again at three in the morning. Frequently he slept but an hour, and came back as fresh as ever. No secretary could keep up to him, and his ministers sometimes went to sleep in the Council, worn out with the length of the session. Come, citizen ministers, he would cry, we must earn the money the French nation gives us. 10 As you can see, Napoleon used his power somewhat responsibly. He preached to his ministers that the would have to use the French nations tax money usefully, and not waste it. He slept for very little and showed that he was very ambitious. Napoleon was not the best legislative leader, but he did a good job. Bonaparte wanted to create a great and strong country for the French. Even though later on in his career many people said, he became very power hungry. After years of battle, in order to fill the gaps of the empire, Napoleon was forced to start recruiting less skilled men. With the recruitment of less skilled men, tactics became less sophisticated and more wasteful in terms of human lives. Napoleon still gained success, but at the lost of great casualties. 11 Later on IR Napoleons campaign, he started sacrificing quality for numbers; this was a slow start to his slow downfall. In 181 2, he decided to start attacking Russia, with a vast army numbering in the six hundred thousand. An army like that is very hard to control and hard to feed. Napoleon was aiming to take the Russian army head on, because he would dominate the battle that way, but the Russians just kept retreating. They would slash and burn everything while they retreated, so the French would be traveling in the cold and at the same mime be without food. 1 2 Napoleon saw this, yet he didnt turn around and postpone the invasion, instead he kept going. His pride would not let him turn around, even though his men were losing moral and starving. The invasion of Russia, greatly hindered Napoleons power at the time. The success of many great leaders sometimes comes from a very humble beginning, but in the midst of all these years of battle, Bonaparte became very obsessed with gaining more and more power, that he forgot what he started with and lost power slowly. Heavy campaign after heavy campaign took a toll on his troops and himself as a person. If you see portraits of Napoleon, his health is clearly deteriorating. The emperors refusal to acknowledge anything except French self-interest eventually drove the other powers to reorganize and to coalesce for long enough to ensure his defeat. His inability to compromise forced them to conclude that there was no prospect of a lasting settlement and that therefore renewed war was the only course of action. 1 3 The quote clearly states that, Napoleon was a great leader to the French, but beca me self centered, because he started to try to conquer everything near him. Instead of making friends, he made enemies all around him. His hunger for power caused countries to form together and fight against him. This is one of the great flaws Napoleon had towards the end of his career. Bonaparte never compromised; he always strives to get what he wants. Towards the end of his long career, Napoleon had many countries against him. The dominance of Napoleon and the war of 1813 and 1814 united all the European nations, summoned by their monarchs and fired by the call of freedom and citizenship. 14 The quote stated that, because of Napoleons great power all these countries gathered together just to defeat Napoleon. Napoleon did eave allies for a certain time, but these allies were more allies made, because they feared the power of Napoleon. The allies lay on the right bank of the Rhine. The battle of Aviators had given the Spanish boundary to Wellington, and the English and Spanish armies were on the frontier. The allies that remained with the French were not to be trusted. All Europe was marching with us a year ago, Napoleon said; to-day all Europe is marching against us. 1 5 This quote states that during this battle to Wellington, the general talked about how their allies from a year ago, had become enemies. This was al from Napoleons selfishness to seek the best for the French. His single- minded patriotism led him to fall into a pattern he normally strays from. Napoleon was the first man to help perpetuate a European wide warfare that lasted for 20 years. 1 6 Just think about how Napoleon started out as normal general and eventually became one of the most feared persons in all of Europe. After seeing many success Napoleon had as a military and political leader. Napoleons great success was inevitably shattered by the later times in his conquests. He had serious flaws, we learned that Napoleon was very good t fighting decisive battles. It was proven in Russia that Napoleon seems to have lost his cool by chasing Russia with no steady food supply. The more serious flaw in Napoleons intellectual makeup was his impatience, his low boredom threshold, his sacrifice of reason in favor of imagination and his desire to make policy on the wing, to improvise and to sacrifice simple solutions for more complicated. 17 It can be seen throughout his lifetime that Napoleon was impatient and always wanted to jump into battle and improvise through everything. It is seen early in his career, that people were often thrown off guard and Napoleon was proven successful. It was until later in Napoleons career that these habits started to stab him in the back. His impatience proved to be a fatal flaw in his career, this led to the fall of his army when he split into two fronts. Even with early success in his strategies, as great leaders must learn, people must change with the times and cure needs Of the world. As we can see, Napoleon Bonaparte was a great milt leader. He had an almost never-ending list of success. Bonaparte proved he had many traits of a great leader. He was devoted, loyal to the nation, was easy to follow. Napoleon had charisma of a great leader. Many soldier followed him to their death, because of what he spoke and preached ABA Napoleon was truly a great leader, but in the end, he did fall. He made mistakes that many great generals make. Bonaparte underestimated his enemies when he split his army in two fronts. After splitting into two frown Napoleon struggled. Even when conquered and exiled, Napoleon still can back and tried to fight in Waterloo, 18 where he lost tragically. Overall Napoleon proved he was a strong and great leader, but in the end his owl pride, impatience and greed led to his inevitable downfall. Notes . Array Edward Marmoreal.

Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Example

Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Example Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay David Ho English 100w Nestle vs. PepsiCo Individual research proposal David Ho has selected Nestle as the company to compare to PepsiCo. Nestle is the largest food company in the world measured by revenue. Nestle products includes baby food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee, dairy products, candy, ice cream, pet foods, and snacks. Nestle’s most popular brands include food products from various categories such as Cerlac, Pure life water, Cookie Crisp cereal, Kit Kat, Crunch, Toll house, Power Bar, Dreyer’s Ice cream, Nesquik, Milo, Juicy Juice, Nestea, Lean Cuisine, and Jenny Craig. I will compare the following categories of Nestle to PepsiCo. * Marketing * Finance and Accounting * Human Resource and Management * Operations Marketing Like PepsiCo, Nestle is a global snack and beverage company, and it uses various global marketing strategies to sell its food (Kit Kat, Crunch, Toll house cookies, Power bar, Dereyer’s Ice cream) , and drink (Nesquik, Milo, Juicy Juice, Nestea) products. Here I will compare the amount of money Nestle and PepsiCo spends annually on advertising and how each company uses demographics to target and attract their consumer interest. Nestle and PepsiCo both have strong innovations to enhance lives, although Nestle has been doing it longer, they both are very successful in this innovation. Marketing strategy plays one of the most important roles in any business as it is the main factor in successfully advertising and selling of any products and services. Marketing catches the eyes of consumers into wanting to buy the company’s products. It is important to bring about this factor as one of the most important keys in a successful company. Finance and accounting In addition to marketing a firm’s products, the finance area of business is crucial to starting and maintaining a company. To open or start a business, many sources of finance are needed, such as grants or loans, to buy essential equipment required for the success of the company such as buildings, vehicles, and other tools. I will tell in detail the financial needs of Nestle and PepsiCo. I plan to focus on how the company got started, including the founders, how long it took them to succeed, and how they got to where they are today. I also plan to describe Nestle and PepsiCo’s initial and subsequent Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, including how they managed their IPO. I will also classify the firm’s acquisitions, their partnerships, and their investors. Finally, I will describe PepsiCo’s future financial plans in comparison with Nestle including profit projections and strategic expansion goals. Finance is the backbone of the company; it covers all of the critical money-related issues that keep the company strong and expanding. Human Resource and Management After identifying what Nestle and PepsiCo does and how they manage their finances, I will explain who the people responsible for the company’s success are. Here, I will compare the two companies’ mission statement, organization and governance structures, loyal employees, and each company’s positive company culture. These aspects heavily influence the overall success of any company in the world marketplace. Operations Finally, I will compare the structure of Pepsico’s and Nestle’s global operations and their expansions around the world. I will also compare how each operation has grown and changed over time, including the production of goods at each working plant. I will explain how products from each company distribute their products among their consumers and describe each company’s trademarks and patents. Finally, I will compare Nestle’s and PepsiCo’s operational goals and accomplishments. Operations are also one of the most important branches of a firm for they help with providing products to market and bringing in income.

James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism

James Clerk Maxwell, Master of Electromagnetism James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish physicist best known for combining the fields of electricity and magnetism to create a theory of the electromagnetic field. Early Life and Studies James Clerk Maxwell was born- into a family of strong financial means- in Edinburgh on June 13, 1831. However, he spent most of his childhood at Glenlair, a family estate designed by Walter Newall for Maxwell’s father. The young Maxwell’s studies took him first to the Edinburgh Academy (where, at the astounding age of 14, he published his first academic paper in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh) and later to the University of Edinburgh and the University of Cambridge. As a professor, Maxwell began by filling in the vacant Chair of Natural Philosophy at Aberdeen’s Marischal College in 1856. He would continue in this post until 1860​ when Aberdeen combined its two colleges into one university (leaving room for only one Natural Philosophy professorship, which went to David Thomson). This forced removal proved rewarding: Maxwell quickly earned the title of Professor of Physics and Astronomy at King’s College, London, an appointment that would form the foundation of some of the most influential theory of his lifetime. Electromagnetism His paper On Physical Lines of Force- written over the course of two years (1861-1862) and ultimately published in several parts- introduced his pivotal theory of electromagnetism. Among the tenets of his theory were (1) that electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light, and (2) that light exists in the same medium as electric and magnetic phenomena. In 1865, Maxwell resigned from King’s College and proceeded to continue writing: A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field during the year of his resignation; On reciprocal figures, frames and diagrams of forces in 1870; Theory of Heat in 1871; and Matter and Motion in 1876. In 1871, Maxwell became the Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge, a position that put him in charge of the work conducted in the Cavendish Laboratory. The 1873 publication of A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, meanwhile, produced the fullest explanation yet of Maxwell’s four partial different equations, which would go on to be a major influence on Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity. On November 5, 1879, after a period of sustained illness, Maxwell died- at the age of 48- from abdominal cancer. Considered one of the greatest scientific minds the world has ever seen- on the order of Einstein and Isaac Newton- Maxwell and his contributions extend beyond the realm of electromagnetic theory to include: an acclaimed study of the dynamics of Saturn’s rings; the somewhat accidental, although still important, capturing of the first color photograph; and his kinetic theory of gases, which led to a law relating to the distribution of molecular velocities. Still, the most crucial findings of his electromagnetic theory- that light is an electromagnetic wave, that electric and magnetic fields travel in the form of waves at the speed of light, that ​radio waves can travel through space- constitute his most important legacy. Nothing sums up the monumental achievement of Maxwell’s life work as well as these words from Einstein himself: â€Å"This change in the conception of reality is the most profound and the most fruitful that physics has experienced since the time of Newton.†

Bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Bullying - Essay Example Others group behaviors into several patterns, branding a number of those behaviors as bullying, illustrating that there are several ways to adequately deal with specified patterns of behavior. Like childhood bullying, workplace bullying entails the tendency of groups or individuals to employ persistent unreasonable or aggressive behavior against a subordinate or co-worker. Workplace bullying may include tactics such as humiliation and, verbal, physical, psychological and nonverbal abuse. This form of aggression is specifically challenging because, unlike the usual types of school bullying, bullies in the workplace frequently function within the developed policies and rules of the society and organization. In addition, bullying in the workplace is in most instances reported as having been carried out by management and takes a broad range of forms. Bullying may be overt or covert, may be known by the majority or may be missed by supervisors in the organization. Negative consequences of bullying are not restrained to the individuals who are targeted, and may cause decrease in an organization’s culture and worker morale (Randall, 2001). ... In addition, it is imperative to comprehend that bullying is typically perceived to be a pattern of behavior where a single or more actions will assist highlight that bullying is present. Bullying may include, and not limited to the following: Interfering with an individual’s work equipment or personal items; spreading malicious gossip or rumors; blocking applications for leave, training, or promotion; isolating or excluding an individual socially; criticizing an individual constantly or persistently; intimidating an individual; undeserved or unwarranted punishment; intentionally impeding or undermining an individual’s work; threatening abuse or physically abusing; belittling an individual’s views; eliminating areas of work without explanation; using profanity or yelling; persistently modifying work guidelines; developing a feeling of worthlessness; creating unattainable deadlines that will make the worker to fail; intentionally providing incorrect information or concealing significant details; assigning unbearable workload or duties so as to create needless pressure; making offensive statements or jokes; and invading an individual’s privacy by stalking, spying, or pestering (Rayner, Hoel & Cooper, 2001). Nonetheless, sometimes it is difficult to determine if bullying is taking place at the workplace. A number of researches assert that there exists a thin boundary between bullying and stout management. For instance, comments that are purposefully and are meant to offer positive feedback are frequently not perceived as bullying, but instead, are meant to help workers with their duties. Bullying has a number of negative consequences to the employees. Numerous workers value their jobs and do

Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Education - Assignment Example Additionally, Rose indicates that her mother is intelligent an aspect that is indicated by how she sequences and groups her task. Additionally, the mother was in a position to handle problems that occur among the workers or during the working process (Mackintosh 25). Another issue that depicts the level of intelligence possessed by mother is that she was able to analyze the mood of the workers, customers as well as those of the managers. In this way, she was able to create positive working relationship with all stakeholders. Joe Meraglio is also intelligent. Despite having left the school in the ninth grade, Mike Rose indicates that Joe is able to handle new problems regardless of their nature. In addition, Joe is able to come up with new products that make the working process in the plant to be smooth. For example, through redesigning of the nozzle, Joe was able to eliminate the high costs be incurred by the plant while at the same time ending the unhealthy spray. Another theme that is covered by Mike Rose is education. As indicated by the author, college education changed his life. Through his 40 years in the teaching career, Mike indicates that his experience is not all that unusual. Despite that Mike’s mother was not extensively educated, Mike indicates that he was able to get adequate education even though his academic record was dreary at the initial stages. As indicated by the book, formal education results to intelligence that makes individuals to handle various problems. One of the key benefits of education is that it results to economic development. For example, individuals who are educated are in a position to know how the machines they are working with operates. As noted by the Mike Rose. Joe is a good instructor but he is not aware of how the machines in his plant operate even though he is able to effectively work with them (Blue Collar Brilliance 3). The author indicates that for those people who are

The Truth About Lying General Statements English Literature Essay

The Truth About Lying General Statements English Literature Essay Is it not amazing that lying has become so common in the world that people forget the difference between the reality and falsehood? Everyone associates with lies so often that one underestimates its effects. Arthur Miller does a great job showing the bad impact lies tend to have on individuals in his play Death of a Salesman. Claims: 1. Every day lies cause harm to ones trust in a relationship. 2. Moreover, lies cause one to become emotionally unstable. 3. Along with emotional effects, lies cause ones social life to flow down the drain. Thesis: Lies are obstacles that harm ones internal states of life which makes one unable to communicate with everyone. Topic Sentence: Although lies are used to avoid hurting ones relationship, they destroy the trust between people. Example 1: Take Willy from Mr. Millers play, Death of a Salesman as an example, his son, Biff tells him, You -You gave her Mamas stockings! Dont touch me, you -liar! You fake! You phony little fake! You fake! (Miller, 121) Biff has basically stopped believing in his father and does not want hear anything from him. Explanation 1: Therefore, lies damage the trust in a relationship, which leads to unsuccessful relationships between the liar and their family. As a result, unnecessary conflicts are created between people, which affect the atmosphere of the play. Concluding Sentence: As people begin to lie, the lies create a boundary between loved ones, which causes one not to trust the liar anymore. Topic Sentence: Moreover, lies not only destroy trust in a relationship, but they also torture one emotionally. Example 1: In the play Death of a Salesman, Willy is always lying to his family about his success in his job, but in the end he cannot control himself and he bursts out telling the truth. He begins by telling Linda, Oh, Ill knock em dead next week. Ill go to Hartford. Im very well liked in Hartford. You know, the trouble is, Linda, people dont seem to take me. I know it when I walk in. They seem to laugh at me. (Miller, 36) He finishes with telling Linda how fat and foolish he looks. Explanation 1: Lies are always neglecting ones true abilities which tears one down to a point where one cannot control his or her emotions when the truth seems to confront them often. Initially lies stand in front of one to protect them from feeling ashamed of the truth and in the end that favour harms one so deeply that they want to die. Example 2: In Death of a Salesman, Willy explodes at Linda by saying, Theres nothing the matter with him (Biff). Hes got spirit, personality Loaded with it. Loaded!What is he stealing? Hes giving it back, isnt he? What did I tell him? I never in my life told him anything but decent things. (Miller, 40-41) Explanation 2: Once one begins to hide the truth from him or herself, he or she begins to think that, that lie has become their reality and starts to become aggressive. As a result, lies cause one to become emotionally weak; therefore one cannot control his or her emotions. As shown in this situation Willy becomes angry and makes Linda cry and does not realize that he is harming Biffs life by teaching him not so decent things. Concluding Sentence: Lies emotionally stress out each and every individual to a certain extent that can harm ones life because for every moment one stands by these lies the liar becomes weaker and weaker to defend themselves against someone. Topic Sentence: Furthermore, lies cause one to lack communication skills and lose their connections with people around them. Example 1: Mr. Miller clearly shows this in his play, mentioned before, when Willy asks Howard for a new placement at his job using lies. Willy demandingly states, I averaged a hundred and seventy dollars a week in the year of 1928! (Miller, 82) Howard replies impatiently, Youll have to excuse me, Willy, I gotta see some people. (Miller, 82) Explanation 1: Lies make one become a person that will not take no for an answer. While enforcing their lies upon everyone they meet, individuals lack the ability to communicate with one another professionally because they sound rude and obnoxious. This causes people to think twice before they talk to this person. Example 2: This is also demonstrated in the play Death of a Salesman when Biff says, How the hell did I ever get the idea I was a salesman there? I even believed myself that Id been a salesman for him! And then he gave me one look and -I realized what a ridiculous lies my whole life has been! (Miller, 104) Explanation 2: Lying contributes to the failure to communicate with someone because one cannot justify why one needs something because one realizes his or her life is a lie and feels ashamed of expecting a lot more out of their lies. Concluding Sentence: As said before, lying only means harm to each individual; it causes one to lose all their contacts from the past and future. Restated Thesis: Lies are harmful words that destroy one from within their body to outside their body. Claims: 1. The trust between individuals or groups is broken. 2. Lies cause one to become sensitive and sometimes forceful. 3. Lying also causes communication with one another to decrease. General Statement: One must understand lies are not reality, but are rather what lead one to their doom. *Ms. Weisman I did not know if for the thesis we were suppose to include the title of the play so I just included it in general statements because I was taught not to from previous English classes* Work Cited Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.

Elizabeth Costello in J.M Coetzee’s in relation to the theme of Kafka’s works Essay

Elizabeth Costello is a humane, ethical and uncompromising creation of Coetzee. In Coetzee’s book The Lives of Animals, Costello is used to describe her dislike and rejection of the rationality of the criteria justifying the unequal treatment of animals. Costello claims that the purpose of the book is to clarify that to differentiate beings with regard of their species is a form of discrimination, indefensible and immoral. Costello also maintains that she had chosen the path not because she was not aware of the crucial kind of thoughts and sentiments of respect regarding other creatures, but because the reason was more universal and compelling to appeal. Costello maintains though she admired those who eliminated speciesism form their lives due to their compassionate regard for other creatures she did not believe a pressure to empathy and good-heartedness only would prove to majority of the people into the wrongness of speciesism. Nevertheless, the messages Costello portrays are not from the invisible world although from the invisible of this world most cases the voiceless like animals that she can access by imagination. She is not worried with other earthly, disembodied voices, although this-worldly, embodied and embedded voices, dead or alive perpetrators fictional or historical. The human critics such as Costello are opposed to the authority of the world of other world as he is to the powers of this world. Costello proclaims that there is not any salvation to be brought into being in an afterlife in immortality. Costello is midwife not to immortal Forms, although a mortal voices and to being of the voices. The power of imagination stays not only in its potential to stir up and listen to other voices and to enter into speaking for other including for the voiceless but also use narrative to depiction literature in the particular work of narrative that rationally is divine spark that raises mankind above the rest of nature therefore in showing our continuity with animal-kind which allows us to regain our death, our humanity and imperfectness. The similarities between Costello and Socrates are outstanding, and are more striking than their differences. Similar to Socrates, Costello attempts to prompt persons to realize their humanity, to open their hearts, to the anguish of animals. Costello just like Socrates is faced by unfairness, which in her case is the discrimination of specialism, which she attempts to dispel with counter-illusions. â€Å"What does one choose the side of justice when it is not in one’s material interest to? The magistrates give the rather Platonic answer: because we are born with the idea of justice. † (Paola, et al. , 95). In The Lives of Animals the disregarded has come to take account of non-human animals. Costello is convinced that there is a crime regarding animals as stupid that is perpetrated towards animals. Costello challenge is to attempt to extend justice to animals especially to those that resemble humans. In Socrates, Plato’s mouthpiece in the Republic, spends the whole discussion arguing for justice suggesting that it is better to live rightly and show to be unjust than being unjust with all material rewards that come by and yet show to be just, Costello ends her speech by saying that proof points in the opposite direction and that individuals can do anything and get away with it that there is no reprimand. In The Poets and the Animals Costello disapproves the ecological approach to animals suggested by Plato since Plato’s perception implies that only human beings can understand the position of living things in the entire picture of natural world and as a result solely have the right to manage animal populations not including human population. Therefore (Paola, et al. , 102), might have valid point which is that a person should not enforce principled vegetarianism on a society but its misdirected as a disapproval of the position of Costello since she had gone to the great lengths to disapprove reason as decisive criterion of moral worth and as an only means to live an ethical life. Costello maintains that it is not right to construe the animal rights movement like imposing vegetarianism upon free citizens. Instead it appears as protecting the interests and the rights of nonhuman animals, guarding animals form exploitation, though this might as well lead to outlawing the eating of meat. Nevertheless, is clear that just as Coetzee distrusts commitment to moral principles he is suspicious of certain notions of justice. Coetzee and Costello’s aim is to alter the heart of individuals through feeling, friction and compassionate imagination instead of enforcing a large-scale utopian changing of society as purportedly stated by reason. Costello is perceived as arrogantly superior and as heralding a foreign set of values that of fighting for animal rights in opposition to blindly anthropocentric culture, and both individuals made numerous enemies by courageously inquiring the prejudices of the people around them. The arrogance of Costello can be demonstrated by certain members his audience anger having their discrimination and lack of knowledge exposed. In addition, Costello seems to be earnestly attempting to break through the shadows of ignorance and prejudice with the light of her imaginative sympathy and is ready to admit that she dose not understand that she could be correct â€Å"Am I fantasizing it all? I must be mad! † (Derek, 69). Costello might be ironically aware that some of her images might be imaginative for example when she gives anthropomorphic feelings to ape, Sultan: â€Å"In his deepest being Sultan is not interested in the banana problem. Only the experimenter’s single-minded regimentation compels him on it. The question that truly occupies him, as it occupies a rat and the cat and other animal trapped in hell f the laboratory or the zoo, is: where is home, and how do I get there? † (Stephen, 69). Costello was attempting to get her audience to think, feel and imagine that in new ways about something persons do not care to regard at all, specifically their use and abuse of animals: certainly she desires people to imagine how it would experience in the place of an exploited animal a state of powerlessness. Costello believes the mission will awaken individuals form their assertive sleep. Costello does not attempt to reject the reason for the infallibility and its assertion to make a distinction between animals and human beings and therefore doe not give good reason for the exploitation of animals. In The Lives of Animals, Coetzee portrays Costello as a Socrates figure. The analysis starts with â€Å"What is Realism? † since it was first in 1997, prior to its publishing in Elizabeth Costello in 2003. The Socratic and Platonic ideologies are clearly evident in this story strengthens the contention that Costello plays a role as Socratic figure in The Lives of Animals. Certainly, Coetzee refers to this story in his fist foot note of The Lives of Animals therefore further sustaining this perspective. In â€Å"What is Realism? † Platonic ideas are crucial to the story. Even though Coetzee keeps interrupting his realist mode and drawing attention to the fact that it is an undertaking therefore suggesting that realism and certainly all fiction deals with imaginations and there are times the power of fiction to attain immortality is asserted though always ironical. The depiction to the monkeys echoes Costello’s discussion of Kafka’s ape, suggesting that artistic creation is what differentiates humans from other animals. The story of Socrates might also illuminate other features of Elizabeth Costello, as described in The Lives of Animals, namely her reference to her embodiedness and her mortality. A similar relationship takes place between Costello and Coetzee, and in spite of his undeniable intellectual contributions as a public thinker, Coetzee remains retiring and an imaginary figure. On the other hand Costello is depicted as heavily embodied throughout Elizabeth Costello and The Lives of Animals. Behind every dialogue of Plato Socrates emerges and there is a consciousness of the fact that Socrates will be executed by the Athenian democracy for impiety and corruption of the youth. The same feeling of Costello’s mortality, together with a declining sense of desire, accompanies all Coetzee’s works in which he is featured. Therefore when Costello cannot be regarded as a martyr for her beliefs as did the Socrates there is nevertheless a feeing in which she is dying for her beliefs. Costello’s own mortality and feeling of her mortality heightens her compassion for animals that are being bred in numerous numbers and when still healthy and young are being exploited for experimentation, hunting testing and slaughter. â€Å"After a long flight, Costello is looking at her age. She has never taken care of her appearance; she used to be able to get away with it; now it shows. Old and tired. † (Stephen, 3). These illustrations continue in the beginning of the first paragraph of The Lives of Animals: He is waiting at the gate when her flight comes in. Two years have passed since he last saw his mother; despite himself, he is shocked at how she has aged. Her hair, which had had sneaks of gray in it, now was entirely white; her shoulders stoop; her flesh has grown flabby. In Costello’s speeches death is recurrent topic, in a sense The Lives of Animals reads like a memento mori for Coetzee himself. John (Costello’s son) guesses that his mother was about to talk about death. John dose not enjoy Costello talking about death and in addition her audience who majority consists of young people do not want any talks regarding death. Costello goes ahead in comparing the mass killing of animals in abattoirs to the mass killings of Jews in Nazi death camps. All through her speech, Costello talk about and describes the Nazi death camps and she returns to discuss death while talking about Nagel’s bat-being. â€Å"What I know is what a corpse does not know: that it is extinct, that it knows nothing and will never know anything more. For an instant, before my whole structure of knowledge collapses in panic, I am alive inside that contradiction, dead and alive at the same time. † (Derek, 32). Costello’s talk about lives of animals can be more or less lessened to her own solitude, seclusion and awareness of her own human mortality and all that she required was compassionate interaction with other human beings. In Slow man Costello is illustrated as returning rejuvenated. In The Lives of Animals, when Costello starts her conversation, she returns to her use of Kafka earlier in another speech, â€Å"What is Realism? † in which she identifies with Kafka’s ape, Red Peter. In both cases Costello points her similarity with Red Peter in that they are both salaried entertainers performing before a literate audience. Afterwards in her speech, Costello returns again to Kafka, and uses the terminologyâ€Å" amanuensis† two times with reference to the association between Kafka and his imaginative creation, the ape Red Peter (Franz, 35). The meaning of â€Å"amanuensis† is a person employed to take dictation or to copy manuscripts. The use of the phrase is not usual since it implies that Kafka the author took dictation from Red Peters in his imaginative creation. The same case applies in the relation between the writer Coetzee and Costello his imaginative creation. In the two cases, the normal causal association between the author and the character, creature and creator is interchanged. Costello and Red Peters are used by the authors as creatures that have an artistic reliability, a life of their own, which the authors have represented faithfully. The authors have respected the individual beings and voices of these creations. The two creations are required to come across as living animals and not just the ideal of animals. In â€Å"What is Realism? † Costello disputes that the greatness of Kafka is that Kafka stays awake during the gaps when people are sleeping. † WORKS CITED Derek, Attridge, J. M. Coetzee and the Ethics of Reading: Literature in the Event. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2004. Stephen, Mulhall, The Wounded Animal: J. M. Coetzee & the Difficulty of Reality in Literature and Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. Paola, et al. , The Death of the Animal: A Dialogue, New York: Columbia University Press: 2009. Franz, Kafka, The Diaries of Franz Kafka 1910–23 . London: Vintage, 1999.

Family Tree Lesson Plans - Genealogy

The Phillips Curve Essay - 1316 Words

The Phillips Curve Economists agree that unemployment and inflation are two of the major macroeconomic problems of the twentieth century. If a relationship between the two existed then this would be a major break through for the macro management of the economy. Phillips work was empirical - started with evidence and worked towards a theory. The causation for the Phillips theory was that the level of unemployment caused the rate of change in money wages to be what it was. What economic theory lies behind this? As unemployment decreases the available pull of labour goes down. This means that resources become increasingly scarce and workers can push for higher wage rates. Or as unemployment decreases more people have more†¦show more content†¦They held that it was the governments duty to achieve the correct level of demand by manipulating its own spending and tax receipts, or in other words, to have an active fiscal policy. This policy required the government to spend more than it received if the economy had less than full employment. As a consequence, aggregate demand would rise through a multiplier effect and unemployment would fall. The inflation controversy - Demand-Pull or Cost-Push? Keynesian economists were divided into two camps. Some believed that inflation was caused by too much demand for goods and services, or excess demand i.e. Demand Pull Inflation. Such economists were very enthusiastic about the Phillips curve because it seemed to provide strong evidence for their views. The second camp of Keynesian economists believed that inflation was caused by cost pressures arising from high wage settlements gained by strong trade unions and from increases in import prices i.e. Cost Push Inflation. They were doubtful about the usefulness of the Phillips curve. 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Similarly, Gal and Gertler (1999) construct the a kind of hybrid New Keynesian Phillips Curve model and claim that the main factors that affect inflation are the excess aggregate demand, inflation expectation and inflation inertia. In reality, the determinants of inflation are very complex, and the most common four mechanisms

Emotional Intelligence, By John Mayer And Peter Salovey

There are many different definitions of what emotional intelligence is and exactly which components should be included to comprise it. The most basic model of emotional intelligence is the four branch model described by John Mayer and Peter Salovey in 1997. The key concepts included in the four branch model are: emotional intelligence is the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional meanings, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote both better emotion and thought (Mayer Salovey, 1997).† The scientific definition of emotional intelligence, according to John Mayer, Peter Caruso and Peter Salovey is that emotional intelligence refers to an ability to recognize the meanings of emotion and their relationships, and to reason and problem-solve on the basis of them. Emotional intelligence is involved in the capacity to perceive emotions, assimilate emotion-related feelings, understand the information of those emotions, and manage them (Mayer, Caruso, Salovey, 2000). Daniel Goleman describes emotional intelligence as the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves and for managing emotion well in ourselves and in our relationships (Goleman, 2000).† Goleman goes on to explain that emotional intelligence can be broken down into two core competencies. These competencies include personal competence and social competence. PersonalShow MoreRelatedIs Emotional Intelligence Beneficial for Effective Leadership?1509 Words   |  7 Pagesare many different definitions of what emotional intelligence is and exactly which components should be included to comprise it. The most basic model of emotional intelligence is the four branch model described by John Mayer and Peter Salovey in 1997. 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Researches have been working on this topic for time to time, to demonstrate or refute the importance of feelings. In the beginning common thoughts from managers and or supervisors were; emotions are in the way; emotions try to keep us from making good decisions; emotions increase a lack on focusing. Fortunately, an indeed research takes emotional intelligence to an ultimate ideal in which intelligence is basedRead MoreThe Affect on Emotional Intelligence on Effective Leadership Essay2812 Words   |  12 PagesResearch Analysis and Proposal The Affect of Emotional Intelligence on Effective Leadership â€Å"Emotional intelligence is the ability to manage one’s own and others’ in order to guide one’s behavior and achieve goals† (Salovey, Mayer, 2005). In simple words, EI is the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions, that is, to regulate your own emotions, and the ability to cheer up or calm down another person. Building on the work of Mayor and Salovey (1997) and others, Goleman (1998) further suggested

Act 3 the Crucible Free Essays

Act III- Irony During Act III of The Crucible, by Arthur Miller; the central way that Miller depicts the corruption rooted within Salem is through the usage of the literary device, irony. The usage of personal pronouns within this work of literature seems to indicate a sense of power that the citizens have, versus the power found within the unknown. Parris says the following in order to encourage Mary Warren to cast out the devil, â€Å" Cast the devil out! Look him in the face! Trample him! We’ll save you, Mary, only stand fast against him and† (109). We will write a custom essay sample on Act 3 the Crucible or any similar topic only for you Order Now The usage of the pronoun ‘We’ll’ gives the reader a sense of authority that is held by the high officials in Salem. Irony is plainly evoked because the entire idea of the trails is to test the limits of the spiritual world within the town of Salem. The usage of personal pronouns reflects the flaws that seem to fuel these trials. The controversial topic of god rooted within these trials is ironic in the sense that doing the right thing could potentially be life threatening. Mary Warren proclaims that she loves god, after announcing her devilish pact, and says, â€Å" No, I love God; I go your way no more. I love God, I bless God. Abby, Abby, I’ll never hurt you more† (110). Salem becomes so deeply rooted in lies that the idea of god becomes clouded for those who try to seek the right thing. The choice between life and death, right and wrong, becomes diluted, making the right decisions punishable. No matter what is confessed, someone will either have to live with making the wrong decision, or die because a right decision was made. The figurative device of irony becomes reoccurring during act three in order to further show the reader the corrupt practices that are happening in Salem. How to cite Act 3 the Crucible, Papers

Various Issues in the Energy Resources-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the various issues in the energy resources. Answer: Introduction The following paper discusses about the summary and evaluation of the article on the global energy like the air, water and other sources. It has been noted that the use of the nuclear energy is not that much effective in the modern times. This is why the use of the nuclear energy should be stopped as it can result to the nuclear war. The infrastructure of the associations across the globe should be modernized and they should work together to mitigate all the issues that arise in this context. The article has been summarized and evaluated. Summary The following section is the article summary about the different aspects of the environmental policies as referred by Jacobson and Delucchi. This literature survey has argued about two important things (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011). The first is about the fracking of the shale gas companies. The environmental degradation has been very much. The energy problems have been very much rampant in the modern environmental backgrounds. The climate change has also been one of the most important things in the saving of the atmosphere and the environment. Some significant modes of pollution are water pollution, air pollution. All the people must conserve the energy sources properly indeed (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011). The cost of the reliable or conservative energy is definitely low indeed. The renewable energy is needed to be converted for the use of the human beings. The studies in the past times have revealed that renewable energy plans will be implemented seriously. The carbon dioxide emissions have been so high that the government of US has planned something big as well. The Kyoto Protocol has indeed suggested some ways to diminish this emission level of carbon dioxide. The supply system of the renewable energy must be implemented positively as well. It had been decided in the earlier meetings that the intercontinental transmission lines should be covered to provide the renewable energy across the countries in the region (Jacobson Delucchi, 2011). The cost can be diminished as well. Thus many solutions were being thought of indeed. The renewable energy and the nuclear energy should come into play indeed. It has been also said that the fossil fuels are needed to be carbonized. This will impro ve the energy efficiency. The proper use of science will have to be discussed in this issue. The advantages and disadvantages that shale gas development has are mainly regarding the equipments that are used. Many environmental problems occur in this regard as well. The health of the common people can be affected a lot. The pollution will increase and this will destroy the environment very badly (Panayotou, 2016). It is also required that the deforestation should be decreases to a good level as well (Lawrence Vandecar, 2015). This harms the environmental balance to a large degree. The vehicles emit the carbon gas to a large level. This should be stopped. As a replacement, the use of hydrogen in the vehicles should be encouraged (Baccini et al., 2012). The solar energy is one of the most important energy sources to cater to the need of the energy resources. Some of the technical, economic and geographical issues will have to be resolved in order to bring out the solutions (Redweik, Catita Brito, 2013). The experts are of the opinion that the solar power must be the most efficient replacement for the fossil fuel energy. The emission levels of carbon dioxide will decrease indeed (Lawrence Vandecar, 2015). This will be very much important in this context since the environment will be saved to a great deal indeed. The bio-fuel systems are also to be included in the operations as well. The expert s have also recommended the use of the electricity and battery run vehicles for the betterment of the environment in many ways (Baccini et al., 2012). Evaluation part This article has to be evaluated in this part of the paper. It can be said that the it is very much needed to utilize the solar energy for the energy efficiency in most parts. The energy resources will have to be implemented in the modern context of the environmental degradation. The different program and policies will have to be discussed in order to get the solutions for the best energy efficient solutions (Aghaei Alizadeh, 2013). If the use of the fossil fuels is destroying the balance of the nature and environment, this should be put to an end somehow indeed. It has been speculated that by 2030, the WWS system can be implemented all over the world to save the energy and make it run for a long time. This will also be helpful for the electricity and transportation system all over as well (Aghaei Alizadeh, 2013). The expert scientists have claimed that the ice cap of Arctic sea has slowly begun the melting process. The energy resources have been hampered because of that as well. Some relevant solutions are needed to be given for this. The development of technology must play an important part in the shaping up of the carbon gases all over the world (Schiederig, Tietze Herstatt, 2012) The experts in this field must prepare their plans for the saving the energy resources all over the world. The other WWS electric power sources can be acknowledged as the river or the ocean electric power system (Weedy et al., 2012). These are alternate systems as well. These power sources could be utilized for the better supply of power. The nuclear energy sources are not taken as a genuine power source in the modern times. The use of nuclear weapons by the powerful countries could be encouraged by the nuclear energy. These are the reasons renewable energy should be utilized properly. References Aghaei, J., Alizadeh, M. I. (2013). Demand response in smart electricity grids equipped with renewable energy sources: A review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,18, 64-72. Baccini, A. G. S. J., Goetz, S. J., Walker, W. S., Laporte, N. T., Sun, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., ... Samanta, S. (2012). Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps.Nature Climate Change,2(3), 182. Jacobson, M. Z., Delucchi, M. A. (2011). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials.Energy policy,39(3), 1154-1169. Lawrence, D., Vandecar, K. (2015). Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture.Nature Climate Change,5(1), 27. Panayotou, T. (2016). Economic growth and the environment.The environment in anthropology, 140-148. Redweik, P., Catita, C., Brito, M. (2013). Solar energy potential on roofs and facades in an urban landscape.Solar Energy,97, 332-341. Schiederig, T., Tietze, F., Herstatt, C. (2012). Green innovation in technology and innovation managementan exploratory literature review.Rd Management,42(2), 180-192. Weedy, B. M., Cory, B. J., Jenkins, N., Ekanayake, J. B., Strbac, G. (2012).Electric power systems. John Wiley Sons.

Dmci Homes Application of Pert Essay Example

Dmci Homes Application of Pert Essay ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I. Introduction a. Company Profile b. Organizational Chart c. Project Portfolio d. Problem Definition II. Literature Review e. Project Evaluation and Review Technique f. Critical Path Method III. Data and Analysis -CPM Network CPM Network (Early Start, Early Finish, Target Start, Target Finish) -CPM Network for Crash Scenario -Table 1. 2 -Table 1. 3 Time – Cost trade off data for activities IV. Conclusion V. Recommendation VI. References VII. Appendices g. Scope of Work for each Activity h. Company Profile ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I. Introduction a. Company Background i. Mission and Vision DMCI Homes is the country’s premier triple A builder-developer that brings serviced, themed communities within reach of urban families who once had limited residential options, but still aspire to achieve a comfortable, enriching quality of life proximate to their place of interest. In so doing, we are committed†¦ to ensure customer satisfaction, to achieve a sustainable growth on our shareholders’ investment, to maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with our partners in the business, to care for the environment we work in, to promote the growth of our people†¦ While building an organization that espouses Integrity, Excellence and Interdependence. ii. Our Values INTEGRITY All our actions are guided by what is ethical, fair, and right. Believing in profit with honor, we are committed to good governance and the highest moral standards. EXCELLENCE In even the smallest of details, we reject mediocrity and strive for excellence. INTERDEPENDENCE With unity in purpose and mutual trust and respect for each other, we work toward shared aspirations and transcend boundaries along functional and organizational lines. CUSTOMER ORIENTATION We will write a custom essay sample on Dmci Homes Application of Pert specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dmci Homes Application of Pert specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dmci Homes Application of Pert specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Our goal is to delight and please our customers. Thus, all activities and programs we undertake result in innovative projects and in the enhancement of productivity and quality. iii. Company History David M. Consunji was a young concrete inspector when he learned the important elements of construction: proper planning, in-depth and thorough preparation, meticulous implementation, and precise system framework. Armed with these insights and equipped with his Civil Engineering degree from the University of the Philippines, David M. Consunji built his own contracting company. D. M. Consunji, Incorporated (DMCI) was founded on December 24, 1954 in a small room in Pandacan, Manila, with the vision of building for a generation of Filipinos. DMCI began by constructing chicken houses for the Bureau of Animal Industry. From this, DMCI earned a reputation for on-time delivery and quality work. Since then, major projects such as the Tacloban Coca-Cola Plant and the Bacnotan Cement Plant were awarded to the company. BUILDING TRUST Through continuing research, DMCI became a pioneer in several advanced construction application technology in the Philippines. Taking this into account, DMCI enjoys the patronage of both new and repeat institutional clients whose businesses have benefited from DMCI’s  on-or-ahead-of-schedule completion philosophy. The hundreds of landmark infrastructures constructed by DMCI symbolize the expertise and professionalism of the Filipino engineer. Some of the landmark infrastructures that DMCI built include: * Mactan Shangri-La Hotel (Mactan, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu) * Makati Shangri-la (Makati City) * Shangri-la Resorts Spa Boracay (Malay, Aklan) * Manila Hotel (Rizal Park, Manila) The Westin Philippine Plaza/Sofitel (CCP Complex, Roxas Boulevard, Manila) * Cultural Center of the Philippines (Roxas Boulevard, Manila) * Ayala Tower One (Makati City) * The New Istana Palace (Sultan’s Palace, Brunei, Darussalam) * The Asian Hospital (Filinvest Corporate City, Muntinlupa) * The Manila Doctor’s Hospital (UN Avenue, Manila) It has successfully completed over 500 projects to date. These landmark in frastructures symbolize the expertise and professionalism of the Filipino engineer. BREAKING NEW GROUND In 1999, DMCI spun off its housing division, DMCI Homes, with the aim to build condominiums and house and lots. It began with  Lake View Manors  (1999), followed by more innovations with  Hampstead  Gardens(2001). Beginning 2003, DMCI Homes became bolder and built  East Ortigas Mansions, adding more amenities and facilities for its residents. Villa Alegre Homes  and Mayfield  Park  followed in 2004 with more improvements, which include the installation of elevators at Mayfield Park. As more projects were developed, DMCI Homes as an organization also grew. In a span of a little over a decade, DMCI Homes has built the most comfortable, resort-type communities for urban dwellers, and continues to do so. Whether they are situated in Quezon City, Taguig City, Mandaluyong City, Pasig City, or Paranaque City, each of the DMCI Homes developments have been built with resort-type amenities and facilities, which include wide open space all around the housing structures, gardens with Koi ponds, rows of trees, and thick foliage. DMCI Homes’ rapid growth can be attributed to its thrust to continuously delight its customers. It will continue to create urban and destination housing at price ranges that are within comfortable reach of the average Filipino family. b. Organizational Leaders Principal Officers DAVID M. CONSUNJI Founder ISIDRO A. CONSUNJI Chairman ALFREDO R. AUSTRIA President Division Heads EDWINA C. LAPERAL Treasurer RAMIL B. LOMBOS Director for Operations ELMER G. CIVIL Director for Design and Construction REYNALDO C. SALAZAR Director for Business Development FLORANTE C. OFRECIO Director for Sales c. Project Porfolio These 7 distinct features of a DMCI Homes residential community will make you want to move in—immediately. MODERN IN-CITY LIVING DMCI Homes residential communities are located in close proximity to major business and commercial centers of Makati, Ortigas, and the Bonifacio Global City, letting you enjoy modern living at its best. Strategically situated within the vicinity of malls, schools, hospitals, and government offices, DMCI Homes’ residential communities make living hassle-free and convenient. DMCI Homes residential communities are easily accessible by public transportation. MEDIUM DENSITY DEVELOPMENT Built to contain only a limited number of housing units for residents, all DMCI Homes communities are exclusive. The medium-rise condominium buildings have single loaded corridors that open up to a garden space or an atrium instead of a neighboring door. This feature allows the unobstructed entry of natural lighting, constant ventilation, and optimum privacy. All DMCI Homes communities are also designed to maintain a 60:40 footprint-to-building space ratio that leaves ample room for gardens and more open areas. RESORT LIVING DMCI Homes communities are equipped with complete resort amenities that include: * A clubhouse with function rooms, a bar, KTV room, and view deck * Adult and kiddie swimming pools Basketball and badminton courts * Well-landscaped open areas, parks, and playground * Jogging and biking paths THEMED DEVELOPMENT DMCI Homes residential communities are created with distinct architectural design concepts that show first class development features. Choose from Asian, Mediterranean, and Modern Contemporary styled communities. WORRY-FREE LIVING DMCI Homes ensures that you continue t o experience the quality service they provide, even after turnover. A Property Management Group composed of seasoned professionals handles the upkeep of DMCI Homes developments and as well as the day-to-day concerns of its homeowners. Among other things, the group is tasked to oversee:   * Initial orientation  for the condominium owner upon turnover * Assistance for application of basic utilities  such as telephone and Meralco power. The owner does not have to go to the agency branches. The PMO will be the one to forward documents to the respective agency. * Maintenance and assistance on minor works, such as the installation of air-conditioning and curtains, dealing with clogged drains, etc. * Serves as an information center  for the project, e. g. , information on units and important areas within the vicinity. Assistance on transactions concerning the developer, including following up documents * Community events  such as sports fests, family day, Halloween treats, Christmas party, etc. You are also able to enjoy the perks of living in a DMCI Homes community. Modern-day facilities that are standard features in the developments and which contribute to a more convenient lifestyle include: * 24-hour securi ty service * Gated entrance and perimeter fence * Overhead water tank, deep well, and underground cistern * Covered bridge way connecting the residential building to the car park * Individual drying area at the roof deck Provision for CATV and telephone lines QUALITY WORKMANSHIP Expect efficient floor plans and high-quality structures with first-rate construction techniques in the development of all DMCI Homes projects, owing to its mother company DMCI’s 50-year commendable track record in the construction industry. DMCI Homes also provides one (1) year quality warranty that covers repairs, free of charge, on any workmanship defects of the unit. Fast and reliable, the companys construction of the residential buildings and turnover of units are within 6 to 12 months only. READY FOR OCCUPANCY AND MOVE-IN POLICY For as low as 20% down payment for mid-rise or 30% down payment for high-rise, a homebuyer may immediately move into his or her unit and enjoy the privileges of living in a DMCI Homes residential community, provided his or her unit is completed. Without the long wait, take pleasure in a resort living ambience right within your own backyard, or realize your condo unit’s earning potential sooner than you expected. II. Literature Review A BRIEF HISTORY OF SCHEDULING BACK TO THE FUTURE Presented at 4 6 April 2006 Hyatt, Canberra. Patrick Weaver FAICD, FCIOB, PMP. Director, Mosaic Project Services Pty Ltd Introduction The science of ‘scheduling’ as defined by Critical Path Analysis (CPA) will celebrate its 50th Anniversary in 2007. In 1956/57 Kelly and Walker started developing the algorithms that became the ‘Activity-on-Arrow’ or ADM scheduling methodology for DuPont. The program they developed was trialed on plant shutdowns in 1957 and their first paper on critical path scheduling was published in March 1959. The PERT system was developed at around the same time but lagged CPM by 6 to 12 months (although the term ‘critical path’ was invented by the PERT team). Later the Precedence (PDM) methodology was developed by Dr. John Fondahl in 1977 as a ‘noncomputer’ alternative to CPM. Arguably, the evolution of modern project management is a direct consequence of the need to make effective use of the data generated by the schedulers in an attempt to manage and control the critical path1. The evolution of scheduling closely tracked the development of computers. The initial systems were complex mainframe behemoths, typically taking a new scheduler many months to learn to use. These systems migrated to the ‘mini computers’ of the 1970s and 80s but remained expensive, encouraging the widespread use of manual scheduling techniques, with only the larger (or more sophisticated) organizations being able to afford a central scheduling office and the supporting computer systems. The advent of the ‘micro computer’ (ie, personal computer, or PC) changed scheduling forever. The evolution of PC based scheduling move project controls from an environment where a skilled cadre of schedulers operating expensive systems made sure the scheduling was ‘right’ (and the organization ‘owned’ the data) to a ituation where anyone could learn to drive a scheduling software package, schedules became ‘islands of data’ sitting on peoples’ desktops and the overall quality of scheduling plummeted. Current trends back to ‘Enterprise’ systems supported by PMOs seem to be redressing the balanceand offerin g the best of both worlds. From the technology perspective, information is managed centrally, but is easily available on anyone’s desktop via web enabled and networked systems. From the skills perspective PMOs are re-developing career paths for schedulers and supporting the development of scheduling standards within organizations. This paper tracks the development of scheduling (with a particular focus on Micro Planner and Primavera) and looks at the way the evolving technology has changed the way projects are scheduled and managed. In the Beginning Pre 1956 The concept of ‘scheduling’ is not new; Sun Tzu wrote about scheduling and strategy 5000 years ago from a military perspective, the pyramids are over 3000 years old, transcontinental railways have been being built for some 200 years, etc. None of these activities could have been accomplished without some form of schedule; ie, the understanding of activities and sequencing. However, whilst the managers, priests and military leaders controlling the organizations responsible for accomplishing the ‘works’ must have an appreciation of ‘scheduling’ (or at least the successful ones would have) there is little evidence of any formal processes until the 20th Centenary. Henry L. Gantt, an American engineer and social scientist is credited with the developed the bar chart (Gantt Chart) in 1917 as a production control tool. In its pure form, the bar chart correlates activities and time in a graphical display allowing the timing of work to be determined but not interdependencies. Sequencing is inferred rather then shown and as a ‘hand drawn’ diagram, the early charts were a static representation of the schedule. Fig. 1 A typical Gantt chart. Milestone charts were also in regular use by the 1950s2. Major contracts were subdivided into sections with target dates set for accomplishing the work required to achieve each ‘milestone’. However, as with Gantt Charts, all of the dates and durations shown in these charts were based on heuristics (rules of thumb) and/or experience. It was possible to identify slippage but any assessment of the impact of a delay was based on a personal view of the data rather than analysis. As a consequence when schedule slippage became apparent on major contracts, the tendency was to flood the work with labor and ‘buy time’ frequently at a very high premium. Independent of the development of schedule control processes based on bar charts and milestones, work on linear programming had been going on for a number of years. This branch of mathematics looked at the cause and effect of actions on each other in situations such as the flow of traffic along a freeway. One of the mathematicians involved in this work was James E. Kelley. CPM and Kelly and Walker3 The origin of CPM can be traced back to mid 1956. E. I. du Pont de Numours (Du Pont) was looking for useful things to do with its ‘UNIVAC1’ computer (this was one of the very first computers installed in a commercial business anywhere and only the third UNIVAC machine built). Fig. 2 – An early UNIVAC Computer Du Pont’s management felt that ‘planning, estimating and scheduling’ seemed like a good use of the computer! Morgan Walker was given the job of discovering if a computer could be programmed to help. Others had started studying the problem, including other researchers within Du Pont but no one had achieved a commercially viable outcome. In the period from late 1956 through to April 1957, Walker assisted by Kelly and others had scoped a viable project. Their challenge was to solve the time-cost conundrum. They could demonstrate that in preference to flooding a project with labor to recover lost time, focusing effort on the ‘right’ tasks can reduce time without significantly increasing cost. The problem was identifying the ‘right’ tasks! Fig. 3 – The Time / Cost Curve On the 7th May 1957, a meeting in Newark Delaware committed US$226,400 to a project to develop CPM; Du Pont’s share was $167,700, Remington Rand Univac contributed $58,700. Univac had decided to help ‘to keep IBM at bay’; competition can be useful†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ but more important than the money was the people brought to the project by Univac. The Du Pont team was lead by Morgan R. Walker, key players from Univac were James E. Kelley and John Mauchly. Kelley was the mathematician and computer expert nominated by Mauchly to ‘solve the problem’ for Walker. The solution adopted by Kelley borrowed from ‘linear programming’ and used the i-j notation to describe the relationship between activities. This constrained the sequencing and made the calculations feasible (remembering the challenge was still to resolve the ‘time-cost’ trade off). This solution created a couple of significant challenges. One was gathering the data needed toload the computer model. Engineers were not used to describing work in terms of activities (tasks) with resource requirements and different costs depending on the resources deployed for a ‘normal’ duration and a ‘crashed’ duration. Gathering the data for the first CPM model took Walker over three months. The other problem was that unless you were a mathematician the concept of i-j was virtually meaningless! The ‘Activity-on-Arrow’ diagram was developed to explain the mathematics to management. Despite all of the problems, by 24th July 1957 the first analysis of the George Fischer Works schedule had been completed and the concept proven. The schedule included 61 activities, 8 timing restraints and 16 dummies. Fig. 4 A section of the George Fisher Works CPM schedule The major challenge then became reducing the number of calculations and variables to a level that could be processed in a reasonable timeframe. The estimate of the time needed to update a schedule of 150 to 300 arrows was some 350 hours of computer time per month. Some of the challenges were as basic as accessing the right computer; magnetic tapes storing the schedule data were prepared on the DuPont computers and then flown across the USA to be run on machines capable of analyzing the data. Development continued through 1958 and in March 1959 Kelley and Walker jointly presented CPM to the public at large at the Eastern Joint Computer Conference in a paper entitled ‘Critical Path Planning and Scheduling’. As with many innovations though, CPM nearly died as a concept. CPM saved DuPont 25% on their shutdowns, but they dropped the system shortly after the management team responsible for its development changed in 1959. Similarly, RemRand could see little future in the system and abandoned it! CPM as a technique was ‘saved’ by Mauchly ; Associates (including John Mauchly and Jim Kelley). Starting in 1959, they commercialized CPM, simplified the process to focus on schedule (rather than cost), organized training courses and developed an entire new way of ‘doing business’. CPM was popular but expensive – solving scheduling problems (eg loops) could cost the price of a small car! PERT and Other Systems PERT was developed independently by the US Navy Special Projects Office, Bureau of Ordnance (SP). A team comprising members of SP and consulting firm Booz, Allen and Hamilton was established in 1957 and produced its first report in July, 1958. Apart from introducing uncertainty into schedule durations, the lasting contribution the PERT teams have made to the business of scheduling was the invention of the ‘critical path’. Kelly and Walker used the name ‘main chain’ for the longest path through their schedule. By 1961, a multitude of PERT like systems had been developed including MAPS, SCANS, TOPS,PEP, TRACE, LESS and PAR. These systems were all network based and had distinguishing features of their own. PEP is particularly interesting as it was essentially ‘a connected bar chart; ie, a set of bars with links connecting the ends of related bars’5. A concept that has re-surfaced in a range of computerized scheduling tools in recent years. By 1968 PERT and CPM had emerged as the standard nomenclatures and dominant systems. Precedence Diagramming Method In 1961 John Fondahl published a report entitled ‘A Non-computer Approach to Critical Path Methods for the Construction Industry’6. This paper described the PDM system of scheduling and was offered as effective manual process to bypass the expensive computer based CPM system. The irony being PDM is now used by every computer based scheduling system, PERT has dies out completely and CPM is rarely seen and is generally only found in academic papers where the calculations are performed manually! Mainframe days†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Through to the early 1980s, to create a project schedule you either used a mini or mainframe computer system. Or drew and calculated schedules manually. Or did both; manual calculations first (to sort out problems) then pload the corrected and checked schedule to the computer. The run-time on the computer cost too much for errors! Schedulers were trained through a process of apprenticeships and mentoring; it cost too much and took too long to fix problems caused by inexperience! The consequence was the evolution of a group of project schedulers skilled in both the art and science of scheduling. H owever, as Kelley noted from the very earliest CPM training courses, there was a significant variability in the outcome for scheduling exercises caused by differing skill levels and perceptions on the trainees. The existence of scheduling departments meant the scheduling processes were standardized and the schedule data was largely ‘owned’ by the organization. Additionally, the desire of professional schedulers to exchange information and develop their skills would appear to have been the foundation for the evolution of ‘modern project management. PC systems Micro Planner Micro computers emerged in the late 1970s, machines like the Commodore and Atari were initially aimed at the enthusiast. However, by the end of the 1970s micro computers were starting to make their presence felt in the business world. One of the leaders in the business market was Apple Computer with its first ‘commercial’ PC, the Apple II being launched in 1979. The first commercial scheduling software for this class of computer was developed by Micro Planning Services in the UK. Running on the Apple II Micro Planner v1. 0 was released in 1980 after 14 months development, based on the ICL PERT mainframe system. The first IBM PC was launched in 1981; although the definitive IBM XT was not launched until 1983. In 1982, ‘The Planner’ is released for the 256K IBM PC and the Sirius/Victor. Windows’ type operating systems became available in 1984 (Apple Macintosh) with Microsoft’s ‘Windows v1. 0’ being launched in November ‘85. Micro Planner maintained their association with the Apple system launching graphical scheduling systems for the Apple Macintosh in 1986 and Windows in 1988; followed by the first true GUIb scheduling tool Micro Planner X-Pert in 1989. The author managed the Australian arm of the Micro Planner group from 1986 through to 1998 over this period the total annual sales of the business grew to more than $1 million. Primavera Primavera was founded in May 1983 by: Dick Faris, Joel Koppelman and Les Seskin (who owned a batch entry mainframe scheduling system). Today Primavera is arguably the dominant ‘high end’ project scheduling tool worldwide. But where did the name come from? Focusing on the then ‘mainstream’ DOS operating system, Primavera shot to prominence with the release of a 10,000 activity capable system in the late 1980s and has maintained its position as ‘market leader’ with a steady flow of innovative developments. The Changing Industry During the 1970s, the arrival of powerful project scheduling systems running on ‘Mini Computers’ caused the first major change. The lower operating cost of systems such as MAPPS on Wang and Artemis on HP and DEC hardware caused the rapid demise of mainframe scheduling systems. Apart from a few legacy systems the era of the mainframe was over by the mid 1980s. The ‘mini systems’ retained many of the characteristics of the mainframes though and required skilled schedulers to make efficient use of them. From the perspective of the people working as schedulers all that changed was the hardware and maybe the software vendor. The rapid spread of relatively cheap, easy-to-use’ PCs in the latter half of the 1980s spawned dozens (if not hundreds) of PC based scheduling systems including TimeLine and CA Super project at the ‘low end’, and Open Plan and Primavera at the ‘high end’ of PC capability. The ‘low end’ tools spread the availability of scheduling systems to a very wide audience and allowed everyone access to cheap computer based scheduling. This had two impacts, by the early 1990s no one was doing manual scheduling (apart maybe from a few ‘old timers’) and the number of people creating schedules on a part time, untrained basis exploded. At the same time, the increasing capability of the ‘high end’ systems annihilated the significantly more expensive mini systems. Scheduling had become a desk top PC based process. The last of the significant changes in the industry started in latter part of the 1980s and has continued through to the present time. Despite the ever increasing number of people using PC based scheduling tools; the competition in the market has driven prices down and caused a major consolidation of the industry. For many years, Microsoft Project could be bought for less than $100 per set. This decimated the ‘low end’ market. Similarly the cost of developing GUI interfaces and staying competitive in the features arms race at the ‘high end’ caused most of the system developers to move to greener pastures or simply close up shop. It is only since the start of the 21st century has this trend begun to change. The increase in the sophistication of Microsoft Project and the rise in its base cost to around $1000 has opened up the market to a number of low cost entry level tools based primarily on bar charts. There has also been an increase in the number of generally available niche systems offering enhanced; risk (eg Pertmaster), time/location and line of balance capabilities (eg DynaProjectâ„ ¢ and LinearPlus) and other functionality, that can operate stand alone or use data from and interact with the dominant systems such as Microsoft Project and Primavera. One very interesting development is a Russian tool called SPIDER. This software dynamically links time and cost (the original Kelley and Walker objective) within a managed risk profile. The loss of skills and control Prior to the 1980s Scheduling was a serious business; it used very expensive assets, required significant training and skill and was largely centralized and ‘visible’. Where manual scheduling was used, the saving in system costs was offset by the tedium of lengthy manual calculations. It simply did not pay to make mistakes! The arrival of ‘easy to use’ scheduling tools with a graphical interface radically changed the industry. Scheduling migrated to the desktop and the myth that ‘anyone’ can schedule (provided they knew how to switch on a PC) emerged. Many people learned ‘scheduling’ from using tools like Microsoft Project. There was no training or oversight and as a consequence, the average schedule is littered with ‘fixes’ allowed or encouraged by the tool. The trend has been towards a focus on computer processes and getting a schedule ‘looking right’ rather than analyzing a project to determine the appropriate duration based on appropriate resources and designing the schedule to be an effective management tool in the context of each specific project. As a direct consequence of this loss of skills, the importance of scheduling has dropped in most organizations and most projects run late! But the tide is turning†¦.. Current trends back to the future The requirement for effective ‘corporate governance’ is focusing management’s attention on project controls. The requirement for visibility, predictability and accountability of project performance can only be achieved by the introduction of effective corporate tools supported by skilled project schedulers7. The drive for visibility has been met by the arrival of powerful ‘Enterprise’ tools such as Primavera Enterprise and the suite of programs from WST including Open Plan and WelcomeHome. These integrated tools with effective data management and security ‘built in’ deliver the visibility and control needed for effective corporate governance (provided the tools are adequately supported). Additionally, the integrated nature of the tools makes project data visible and this visibility encourages enhanced quality. The drive for quality is creating a demand for skilled schedulers. This skills shortage is being helped by the spread of PMOsd and a renewed interest in scheduling training8. Many PMOs are also starting to recognize the need for, and develop skills in the ‘art’ of effective scheduling, as well as providing a home and career path for schedulers. The trend back towards a corporate view of schedule information and the requirement for skilled schedulers to operate the tools and provide effective support to project managers is being supported by the development of new standards. PMI will launch its ‘Scheduling Practice Standard’ in 2006, to augment the information in the PMBOK Guide. A longer term initiative is the work being undertaken by PMI’s College of Scheduling to develop and publish its ‘Scheduling Excellence Initiative’9. SEI is planned to develop and publish a comprehensive set of industry accepted best practices and guidelines for every aspect of project management ‘that touches a schedule, or that a schedule touches’. The consequence of these trends is that schedulers are once again in great demand around the world. The role of the scheduler is back! Conclusions The evolution of scheduling has been a fascinating journey: †¢ Kelley and Walker set out to solve the time-cost conundrum and invented CPM. For most organizations the resolution of time-cost issues is still in the ‘too hard’ basket (although SPIDER offers an interesting solution)! †¢ The PERT project invented the name ‘Critical Path’, and everyone else borrowed it. †¢ Fondahl invented a non-computer methodology for scheduling that is now used by every computer package worldwide! †¢ Whilst Kelley and Walkers CPM system was developed for computers and is now only seen as a manual technique. The changing role of the scheduler has been almost as interesting: †¢ The mainframe era saw scheduling as: o A skilled profession o Central to the success of projects The new ‘enterprise’ era sees scheduling as o A skilled profession o Central to the success of projects We have gone back to the future! III. Data and Analysis -Data Activity| Description| Predecessor| ABCDEFGHIJKLMN| Civil and StructuralFire Protection WorksMechanical WorksElectrical WorksPlumbing WorksAuxilliaryM asonry/WetworksMiscellaneousWalls ; FinishesMiscellaneousPainting WorksCeiling WorksFloor FinishesMechanical EquipmentElectrical EquipmentFire Protection EquipmentPlumbing Equipment| D, EB, C, EAAHH, IGFK, L, M| This Table shows the flow of activities in building basement 3. We were able to determine the activities by the given data. * CPM Network Crash Completion Time 9 months Crash Cost: Php 6, 197, 600. 00 Critical Path: B – G – L M IV. Conclusion This study investigates on the feasibility of project development thru the use of PERT and CPM techniques. Both aided the researchers in getting the critical path, optimum project completion time, and minimum project cost incurred after the optimum crash completion time. The critical path is the longest path of the project where it indicates the amount of time needed for the completion of the project. Thus the activities along this path must be accelerated in order to catalyze the project, On the other hand, when delays happen in these activities would cause a chain reaction of delays throughout the scheduling, etc for the rest of the project. Obtaining the optimum project completion time is done by crashing the network. Crashing the network refers to crashing a number of activities in order to reduce the duration of the project below its normal value. Based on the data obtained, this project accomplished in 13 months with a total cost Php 4, 596,400. 0. However if the project is crashed the soonest possible time is 9 months with a cost of Php 6, 197, 600. 00. V. Recommendation Though PERT and CPM considers the cost and completion time available it doesn’t really reflect how the real scheduling of a construction project is. It is only an ideal flow of activities. In current construction project activities usually starts simultaneously e. g. As soon as this first floor floor ing is done, they begin with the next floor not observing anymore the other activities to be done on first floor. Therefore the use of PERT CPM should be of initial study and not as a basis of overall scheduling of construction. VI. References Hillier and Lieberman. â€Å"Introduction to Operations Research†, Chapter 10 Project Management with PERT/CPM, 7th Edition Weaver, P. (2006) â€Å"A Brief History of Scheduling†, ;http://www. pmforum. org/library/papers/2006/A_Brief_History_of_Scheduling. pdf;. â€Å"PERT/CPM for Project Scheduling ; Management†, ;interventions. org/pertcpm. html;. â€Å"Pert Diagram and CPM†,